Juvenile Recidivism Essay

Recidivism is when close toone returns to the same air that they were previously doing (Unruh, Gau, & Waintrup, 2009). in that respect ar m some(prenominal) factors that give notice the luck of up receive recidivism such as single p atomic number 18nting, and correct when the p atomic number 18nts become abstr manipulation in drug theatrical type. When youngs become proud guess for recidivism it is signifi orduret that the gravids whether it be the work forcetions, teachers or any adult in authority step in to armed service the new-fashioned to make better choices. By an adult taking an interest in the baby bird it dismiss pr veritable(a)t them from f intacting into a group that becomes high risk of infection.From 1984 through 1997 a 71% in that respect was a arise in disgusts attached by insubstantials that were alike violent offences (Jenson, & Howard, 1998, p. 325). Recidivism is when individual returns to the same sort that they were previously doi ng (Unruh, Gau, & Waintrup, 2009). Martin (2011), to a fault evidences that recidivism is (the process of atavism into wicked behavior) (p. 306). check to Nijhof, et al (2008), novel DELINQUENCY DOES NOT TYPICALLY fuck off with delinquent acts. Rather, it begins with nondelinquent problem behavior (p. 45).This story leave behind ensure at what could be the causal agencys not only when for juveniles committing crimes scarce move to the behavior of recommitting repeatedly. There score been some studies that were done and findings fix sh stir got that from 1984 through 1997 a 71% rise in crimes commit by juveniles that were in any case violent offences. They in like manner nominate that in that location argon 200,000 battalion participating in gang action mechanism in 79 of the biggest cities in the coupled States (Jenson, & Howard, 1998, p. 325).harmonize to Johnson-Reid, Williams, & Webster (2001), It seems more than(prenominal) likely that the call for of these jejunenesss went undetected before juvenile judicatory involvement for serious delinquent activities (p. 219). With all the studies that were done, from Afri corporation-Ameri mickle, to single p arnts, it was instaln that when a nestling lives in a step family, they jakes salvage do well. The reason for this is socialization dodging proves that it is an environment that the tiddler fuel solace grow in a goodly manner. The child is having its guides met in a naturing manner (Mullins, 2010, p. 13).Also if the p bents atomic number 18nt matrimonial when the child is born, there ar no effects on the child. The child is impact when there is no involvement from the incur while ontogenesis up (2010, pp. 13-14). The starting signal thing we motivation to do is look at is who may be at a higher(prenominal) risk for juvenile recidivism. There have been some researches that have shown that children with severe emotional disturbance (SED) could be likely posteri ordidates for the motor hotel systems that write out with y come to the foreh (Johnson-Reid, Williams, & Webster, 2001, p. 214). Problems in academics bed also be a add factor.For instance, if they are in classes where they may have take ining disabilities, they may be at a higher risk and find themselves in the speak to system (Sander, Sharkey, Olivarri, Tanigawa, & Ma rehearseth, 2010, p. 288). fit to Sander, et al, (2010), Negative aim factors include high retention rates, everyday use of expulsion or falling out in discipline policies, infrequent use of optimistic behavior strategies, ineffective schoolroom management, poor teacher- scholar relationships, and weak school-comm social unity connections (p. 290).So when the student feels a lack of support from the school, this fucking lead them down paths of juvenile ill-doing quite of ca victimisation them to want to do well. teenageds with learning disabilities and emotional disturbance are becoming prevalent in the chat up and correction system. A study found that the number of offenders with LD was 35. 6% and the juveniles with ED that was in the corrections was 16-50%. These children had the most falls of arrests which puts them at a higher risk (Chen, et al, 2011, p. 5). Another risk could be when the father is off from the youngs purportspan history and ethnic issues.When a child is growing up in an Afri dirty dog Ameri grass home and the father isnt absent, the results are as negative as any other race. The father cosmos absent tackles a bouncy role in the behaviors of the children (Mullins, 2011, p. 16). When a mother is an active state of drug addiction it puts her child at a higher risk of mental problems. A study has shown that the children dont lodge medical give-and-take for the counterbalance two years of their lives, which is only the start of the maltreatment that they suffer (Callaghan, Crimmins, & Schweitzer, 2010, p. 223).Suchman (2010), states that Parenting problems observed during the childrens first three years of life include poor attachment, responsiveness, adaptability, and structure pose with heightened physical activity, provocation, and intrusiveness (p. 483). What the child wedges or the lack thereof can be from the mothers own problems from her childhood (Suchman, 2010, p. 484). When these mothers had poor parents themselves it gives them a distorted view of how parenting should be. This some measure can lead to the mothers ignominiousness and neglect for her own child plus the use of drugs on the mothers part (2010, p. 85). Poverty can play a role in problems that children can face. The lacks of medical attention, poor academic success, along with psychological difficulties are some of the challenges that these children face. The alter factors that they face are drug use, abominable behavior, and not doing well academically. When these juvenility are constantly exposed to such parlous behaviors, it plays a vital rol e in the outcome of their own lives that can cause them to repeat the learned behaviors (Anthony, 2008, p. 6). Another risk factor for juvenile recidivism is when their parents divorce.The divorce can expose them to the difficulties that the parents are having and cause excruciation on them. (Elonheimo et al, 2010, p. 910). This breakdown in the family unit along with the lack of support for the children can be contributing factors. (According to Elonheimo et al (2010), tell that Divorce often entails stressors such as maternal conflict, poor child-rearing, transfigures in parental figures and re perspectivence, and reduced income (p. 910). some(prenominal) other factors that can contribute to juvenile delinquency can be when the child doesnt get from the mom or dad what they need in a positive elbow room. umteen quantify the parents effective dont know how to parent in a productive and positive manner. Sometimes the nefarious behavior can begin with the parent and it becom es learned behavior for the child. If one or both parents are abusive both to each other or the child it can become a contributing factor also (Latimer, 2001, p. 238). Whats in a holler? It does calculate what a person names their child. If the name isnt a popular one hence the child may become a delinquent or at least increase the chances.Its when the home is already be woeful poverty and the parents give their child a name that isnt kindly that the juvenile may become at risk for negative behavior. The reason for this is because your name gives off a message to others and this is what they use to determine what kind of person you are, its that preconception that we all try to use when we meet someone we dont know (Kalist & Lee, 2009, pp. 39-40). So if we are do by how others see us accordingly how does that leave a child when they are viewed in a negative modality by their peers, their parents and their surroundings?According to Calhoun, et al (1984), states that high self -concept was a product of golden socialization and steered male childs a look from delinquency, while low self-concept was the result of unfavorable socialization and house little resistance to deviancy, delinquent companions (p. 324). Juvenile recidivism may not begin with who is to deuced from the home, the environment surrounding them or even how the juvenile feels about them, but when a child goes from one delinquent behavior into committing negative outlaw behavior repeatedly, it becomes more of a problem. This could come from how they are treated in the court system.In 1978 the tonic York State Juvenile Offender comprise was passed and the effect on the courts was profound with the way that the courts treated juvenile offenders. For instance, in the late 1970s when there were some murders committed by juveniles that drew a constituent of attention, the courts used this to cut down on delinquency. The attitude from the people towards juveniles became punishing (Jenso n & Howard, 1998, p. 327). According to Jenson & Howard (1998), Legislation enabling states to transfer more juveniles to the criminal jurist system has had miserable effects on young persons violent crime rates (p. 328).By incarcerating juveniles with adults it puts them at a higher risk for some side effects. Many of these side effects can include, the juvenile macrocosm depressed, and problems with their mental health (Ng, et al, 2010, p. 21). It has been determined that when a juvenile is laid in a prison with adults, the receive is overwhelming for the juvenile. They dont learn to not commit the crimes but instead they learn an increased amount of criminal behavior from the adults they are with. They are also pushed almost by not only the adult inmates but also from the guards that are supposed to be in charge.They are subject to many offences from the adult prisoners in which they can basically do nothing about (Ng, et al, 2010, p. 30). The way that juveniles are trea ted by the court system also plays a part in how they controvert to either repeating the crimes or staying out of trouble. According to Vermeiren, et al, (2004), Juvenile arrest and court policies range amongst two extremes the justice get, which emphasizes threat to punishment, and the welfare model, which aims at treating underlying psychosocial causes (p. 567). Many times it is up to the people dealing with the youth as to what their fate may be.There are factors that can be considered which are how old the youth is, how many is in the group, what color is the skin of the youth, economic status, what the policies are for that area on juvenile delinquency, and how oft the police are watching that unique(predicate) place where the juvenile is picked up from (Vermeiren, 2004, p. 567). So it can be a matter of a juvenile being in the wrong place at the mighty time for them to get caught. It could be that the youth is influenced by a group of kids to do something that they would not have normally done.If policies can change from being hard on the youth to being involved with the youth to set up planmes to change their lives so the rate of recidivism may decline. According to Callagan (2011), regular(a) and frequent parental support and education, as well as medical and developmental reviews for the infant, have been found to be vital in ensuring a positive parent-child relationship, and best physical and emotional development (p. 224). So if the child isnt getting what it of necessity from the beginning thus it is likely that it will affect it for years to come.For substance using mothers that have been found to have abusive or neglectful behaviors towards their children, it was found that the mothers can change their parenting behaviors towards their children. The lack of attachment that is betwixt the child and mother can change by the mother receiving counseling. These changes can buy the farm in a limited amount of time (Suchman, et al, 2010, p . 501). Options for juvenile delinquents arent just putting them into prison but instead its protecting them from becoming at risk in the first place.According to Jenson & Howard (1998), Communities can prevent delinquency by designing programs that address known risk factors for antisocial behavior (p. 331). If we begin to deal with these juveniles at an early stage of their lives it is more likely that the risk factors can be reduced instead of waiting savings bank the problems are already there. What they gain from their academics can make a engagement also. If their academics are of a poor quality then that can put them at a higher risk of juvenile recidivism (Chen, 2011, p. 15).Some do of punishment is needed when it comes to juvenile delinquent behavior, but it should be capture and helpful. According to Ng, et al (2010), While they should be punished for crimes committed, the repercussions of punishment in the carcass of damage to mental health could have long-term conse quences that in the end reiterate into burdens for the society (p. 32). There are many ways of helping juveniles even later they are in the system and have a criminal history. A form of mediation called Family Group Conferencing or FGC.This is where the offender and the family and the victim would have someone who mediates between them. The outcome many times is to forge restitution emotionally and maybe even materialistically (Baffour, 2006, p. 557). When trying to help someone who has a history of criminal behavior it is important to do it in a way that it will be beneficial. According to Baffour (2006), Three major paradigms have been ripe(p) to address criminal treatment strategies retribution, rehabilitation, and yield (p. 559). We first look at retributive, where the criminal will have punitive consequences for their behavior. thusly we want to make sure that they get rehabilitated as much as it is possible, whether it be drug abuse treatment, therapy for them and for the ir family. We also want them to know that what they did was wrong and they should have duty for what they did. This will entail the victim being involved with getting help also (Baffour, 2006, p. 559). One way of intervention for juvenile recidivism is to place the youth into a program that has a limited time for them to stay. This would be a program that is community support versus placing the youth into a residential treatment program.While the youth is in the program they would receive help that included the whole family. For the juvenile that went willingly there was a decrease in juvenile recidivism as compared to the ones that were made to go somewhere without their live with (Latimer, 2001, p. 244). When looking at the issues with lightlessness males and how they do with having fathers that arent involved in their lives, there are some that seem to do well with it and some that dont do as well. A 25% incline of homes without fathers is on the rise in spite of appearance the 40 years. Some of these homes have not only the influence of the mom but also the grandmother.According to Cartw remunerate, et al, (2012), The absence of fathers is a major factor in many issues such as crime and delinquency, untimely sexuality, poor educational progress toment, and poverty, which have negatively impacted society (pp. 29-30). So with that being said a study followed v males that were African American. These males were found to be in college and grew up in homes without the father present. face at what made the difference for them that didnt work for many others that end up being repeat offenders in the system (2012, p. 31).What made the difference that was made for these males that others may of not or maybe they didnt have enough of it. According to Cartwright, (2011), (a) a male role model or mentor, (b) a supportive mother, (c) wanting to achieve an education, (d) respect for their fathers, and (e) resiliency (p. 34). For a boy to have a male role model that can be positive can be important because there are things that they arent able to take to their moms that having a male in their life can make a difference (2012, p. 34). These young men are assured of how they are viewed by the people around them because they are black.Much of societys influences come from what they see on television. It is important for these men to not be the way society sees them but instead to be the way they want to be and show society that they are different (2012, p. 35). The respectfulness that they felt for their fathers could have been what kept them from olfaction anger that many young men feel when their fathers arent present in their lives (2012, p. 36). By teaching young black children that dont have a father in the home that they can obtain an education it can help to get them on a right track (2012, 38).