Education Should be privatized as it is a privilege not a right Essay

Instruction Should be privatized as it is a benefit not a right - Essay Example Right off the bat, non-public schools offer quality and great training that meets the students’ needs in the general public. In contrast to state funded schools, tuition based schools have built up an individual way to deal with learning. Through this methodology, students have numerous advantages in connecting training requests and the activity showcase aptitudes. Meryzn and Ursprung (2005) note that the United States state funded schools have been a case of the financial matters of instruction on account of low quality that don't coordinate the monetary distribution by the legislature. The nature of training can be found in three methodologies. One is quality, this is instruction that is a customized, affordable and capable guarantees the necessities of understudies. It is training framework that can bode well in goals and the cultural requests. So as to accomplish these great objectives of training, a few researchers have said that privatization of instruction is a decent advance that will make great reason for instruction. Earthy colored (2013) Education ought not be viewed as a right, today there are numerous incredible business people and known athletes who have made a monstrous commitment to the economy without fundamentally going to schools (Davidsona 2010). As indicated by National Center for Education Statistics Report 2010 it distinguished numerous stidents in government funded schools as a major issue for the nature of training (Espiona and Gonzalez 2013). The report said that, tuition based schools have half of the state funded school populace. Schools and classes are littler in the private organization prompting individual instructing that contacts the study hall exercises. The educator understudy proportion is increasingly ideal, for the most part they have a quantities of 1:9 that permits monetary estimation of the guardians cash. Numerous open both essential and auxiliary schools have a proportion of 1:19, which means there is an intense lack, and the nature of instruction is very low (Brown 2013). Government funded schools keep on having a major number of understudies that don't learn because of the large numbers when contrasted with the instructors. These

Blackbeard the Pirate Biography for Kids

Blackbeard the Pirate Biography for Kids Children are frequently inspired by privateers and need to know the historical backdrop of individuals, for example, Blackbeard. They may not be prepared for the grown-up form of theâ biography of Blackbeardâ but can have their inquiries replied in this rendition for youthful perusers. Who was Blackbeard? Blackbeard was a fearsome privateer who assaulted different people groups dispatches quite a while back, in the years 1717â€1718. He delighted in looking unnerving, making his long dark hair and facial hair smoke while he was battling. He passed on while battling ships sent to get him and take him to prison. Here are the responses to all your Blackbeard questions. Was Blackbeard his genuine name? His genuine name was Edward Thatch or Edward Teach. Privateers took epithets to conceal their genuine names. He was called Blackbeard in light of his long, dark facial hair. For what reason would he say he was a privateer? Blackbeard was a privateer since it was an approach to make a fortune. Life adrift was hard and unsafe for mariners in naval force or on dealer ships. It was enticing to take what you realized serving on those boats and join a privateer group where you would gain a portion of the fortune. At various occasions, a legislature would urge ships chiefs to be privateers and assault ships from different nations, however not theirs. These privateers may then start to go after any boats and become privateers. What did privateers do? Privateers cruised where they figured different boats would be. When they found another boat, they would raise their privateer banner and assault. As a rule, different ships just surrendered once they saw the banner to keep away from a battle and wounds. The privateers would then take everything the boat was conveying. What kind of stuff did privateers take? Privateers took whatever they could utilize or sell. On the off chance that a boat had guns or other great weapons, the privateers would take them. They took food and liquor. On the off chance that there was any gold or silver, they would take it. The boats they ransacked were normally shippers ships conveying load, for example, cocoa, tobacco, dairy animals stows away or material. On the off chance that the privateers figured they could sell the freight, they took it. Did Blackbeard abandon any lost fortune? Heaps of individuals think along these lines, yet most likely not. Privateers wanted to spend their gold and silver and not cover it some place. Likewise, the greater part of the fortune he took was load instead of coins and gems. He would sell the load and go through the cash. Who were some of Blackbeards companions? Blackbeard figured out how to be a privateer from Benjamin Hornigold, who provided him order of one of his privateer ships. Blackbeard helped Major Stede Bonnet, who didnt truly think a lot about being a privateer. Another companion was Charles Vane, who got a few opportunities to quit being a privateer yet he never took them. For what reason was Blackbeard so well known? Blackbeard was well known on the grounds that he was a frightening privateer. At the point when he realized he was going to assault someone’s transport, he put smoking wires in his long dark hair and facial hair. He additionally wore guns lashed to his body. A few mariners who saw him in fight really thought he was the fallen angel. Expression of him spread and individuals on both land and ocean were frightened of him. Did Blackbeard have a family? As indicated by Captain Charles Johnson, who inhabited a similar time as Blackbeard, he had 14 spouses. This presumably isn’t valid, yet it appears to be likely that Blackbeard got hitched at some point in 1718 in North Carolina. There is no record of him ever having any children. Did Blackbeard have a privateer banner and a privateer transport? Blackbeards privateer banner was dark with a white villain skeleton on it. The skeleton was holding a lance pointing at a red heart. He likewise had a celebrated boat called the Queen Annes Revenge. This forceful boat had 40 guns on it, making it one of the most perilous privateer sends ever. Did they ever get Blackbeard? Neighborhood pioneers frequently offered a compensation for the catch of celebrated privateers. Numerous men attempted to get Blackbeard, yet he was unreasonably shrewd for them and gotten away from catch commonly. To get him to stop, he was offered an exoneration and he acknowledged it. In any case, he came back to robbery How did Blackbeard bite the dust? At last, on November 22, 1718, privateer trackers found him close Ocracoke Island, off of North Carolina. Blackbeard and his men set up a significant battle, however at long last, they were totally slaughtered or captured. Blackbeard passed on in fight and his head was cut off so the privateer trackers could demonstrate they executed him. As indicated by an old story, his headless body swam around his boat multiple times. This was impractical yet added to his fearsome notoriety. Sources: Cordingly, David. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996 Defoe, Daniel (Captain Charles Johnson). A General History of the Pyrates. Altered by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999. Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: the Lyons Press, 2009 Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Sailor Books, 2008.

History and Topics in the Field of Positive Psychology

History and Topics in the Field of Positive Psychology Theories Print The Field of Positive Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 16, 2020 Peathegee Inc / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Important People What It Is (and Isn't) Major Topics Research Findings Applications View All Back To Top Positive psychology is one of the newest branches of psychology to emerge. This particular area of psychology focuses on how to help human beings prosper and lead healthy, happy lives. While many other branches of psychology tend to focus on dysfunction and abnormal behavior, positive psychology is centered on helping people become happier. Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi describe positive psychology in the following way: We believe that a psychology of positive human functioning will arise that achieves a scientific understanding and effective interventions to build thriving in individuals, families, and communities.?? Over the last twenty years or so, general interest in positive psychology has grown tremendously. Today, more and more people are searching for information on how they can become more fulfilled and achieve their full potential. Interest in the topic has also increased on college campuses. In 2006, Harvards course on positive psychology became the universitys most popular class. In order to understand the field of positive psychology, it is essential to start by learning more about its history, major theories and applications. History Before World War II, psychology had three distinct missions: curing mental illness, making the lives of all people more productive and fulfilling, and identifying and nurturing high talent, wrote Seligman and Csikszenmihalyi in 2000.?? Shortly after WWII, the primary focus of psychology shifted to the first priority: treating abnormal behavior and mental illness. During the 1950s, humanist thinkers such as Carl Rogers, Erich Fromm, and Abraham Maslow helped renew interest in the other two areas by developing theories that focused on happiness and the positive aspects of human nature. In 1998, Seligman was elected President of the American Psychological Association and positive psychology became the theme of his term. Today, Seligman is widely viewed as the father of contemporary positive psychology. In 2002, the first International Conference on Positive Psychology was held. In 2009, the first World Congress on Positive Psychology took place in Philadelphia and featured talks by Martin Seligman and Philip Zimbardo. Important People in the Field Martin SeligmanMihaly CsikszentmihalyiChristopher PetersonCarol DweckDaniel GilbertKennon SheldonAlbert BanduraC.R. SnyderPhilip Zimbardo What It Is (and Isnt) In a 2008 article published by Psychology Today, the late Christopher Peterson, author of A Primer in Positive Psychology and professor at the University of Michigan, noted that it is essential to understand what positive psychology is as well as what it is not. Positive psychology is...a call for psychological science and practice to be as concerned with strength as with weakness; as interested in building the best things in life as in repairing the worst; and as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling as with healing pathology, he writes.?? He cautioned, however, that positive psychology does not involve ignoring the very real problems that people face and that other areas of psychology strive to treat. The value of positive psychology is to complement and extend the problem-focused psychology that has been dominant for many decades, he explained.?? Major Topics Some of the major topics of interest in positive psychology include: Happiness??Optimism and helplessnessMindfulnessFlowCharacter strengths and virtuesHope??Positive thinkingResilience Research Findings Some of the major findings of positive psychology include: People are generally happy.Money doesnt necessarily buy well-being, but spending money on other people can make individuals happier.??Some of the best ways to combat disappointments and setbacks include strong social relationships and character strengths.Work can be important to well-being, especially when people are able to engage in work that is purposeful and meaningful.While happiness is influenced by genetics, people can learn to be happier by developing optimism, gratitude, and altruism.?? Applications Positive psychology can have a range of real-world applications in areas including education, therapy, self-help, stress management, and workplace issues.?? Using strategies from positive psychology, teachers, coaches, therapists, and employers can motivate others and help individuals understand and develop their personal strengths. The Differences Between Positive Psychology and Positive Thinking

What Is Black Power

The term â€Å"Black Power† refers to both a political slogan popularized between the 1960s and the 1980s, as well as the various ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for black people. It was popularized within the United States, but the slogan, along with components of the Black Power Movement, has traveled abroad. Origins After the shooting of James Meredith in the March Against Fear, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (influential within the Civil Rights Movement) held a speech on June 16, 1966. In it, Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) declared: This is the 27th time I have been arrested and I aint going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin now is Black Power! This was the first time Black Power had been used as a political slogan. Although the phrase is thought to have originated in Richard Wright’s 1954 book, â€Å"Black Power,† it was in Ture’s speech that â€Å"Black Power† emerged as a battle cry, an alternative to more tempered slogans like â€Å"Freedom Now!† employed by nonviolent groups like Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference. By 1966, many black people believed that the Civil Rights Movement’s focus on desegregation failed to examine how America had weakened and humiliated black people for generations  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  economically, socially, and culturally. Young black people, in particular, had become tired of the Civil Rights Movement’s slow pace. â€Å"Black Power† became symbolic of the new wave of the black freedom struggle that broke from earlier tactics focused on the church and King’s â€Å"beloved community.† Black Power Movement Malcolm X Bring about the freedom of these people by any means necessary. Thats our motto. We want freedom by any means necessary. We want justice by any means necessary. We want equality by any means necessary. The Black Power Movement began in the 1960s and continued throughout the 1980s. While the movement had multiple tactics, from non-violence to proactive defense, its purpose was to bring the ideological developments of Black Power to life. Activists focused on two main tenets: black autonomy and self-determination. The movement began in America, but the simplicity and universality of its slogan allowed it to be applied globally, from Somalia to Great Britain. The cornerstone of the Black Power Movement was the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. Founded in October of 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, the Black Panther Party was a revolutionary socialist organization. The Panthers were known for their Ten-Point Platform, the development of free breakfast programs (which were later taken by the government for the development of WIC), and their insistence on building black people’s ability to defend themselves. The party was heavily targeted by the FBI surveillance program COINTELPro, which led to the death or imprisonment of many black activists. While the Black Panther Party started with black men as heads of the movement and continued to struggle with misogynoir (misogyny directed at black women) throughout its existence, the women in the party were influential and made their voices heard on many issues. Notable activists in the Black Power Movement included Elaine Brown (the first Chairwoman of the Black Panther Party), Angela Davis (leader of the Communist Party USA), and Assata Shakur (a member of the Black Liberation Army). All three of these women were targeted by the United States government for their activism. While the Black Power Movement saw a decline in the late 1970s, due to the relentless persecution of those involved (such as Freddy Hampton), it has had a lasting impact on black American arts and culture. Black Power Definition in Arts and Culture Kwame Ture We have to stop being ashamed of being black. A broad nose, thick lip and nappy hair is us and we are going to call that beautiful whether they like it or not. Black Power was more than just a political slogan  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  it introduced a change in overall black culture. The â€Å"Black is Beautiful† movement replaced traditional black styles like suits and permed hair with new, unapologetically black styles, like full afros and the development of soul. The Black Arts Movement, founded in part by Amiri Baraka, promoted the autonomy of black people by urging them to create their own journals, magazines, and other written publications. Many women writers, such as Nikki Giovanni and Audre Lorde, contributed to the Black Arts Movement by exploring themes of black womanhood, love, urban struggle,  and sexuality in their work. The effects of Black Power as a political slogan, movement, and form of cultural expression lives on in the current Movement for Black Lives. Many of today’s black activists draw on the works and theories of Black Power activists, such as the Black Panther’s Ten-Point Platform to organize around ending police brutality. Sources Black Power Speech. Dictionary of American History, The Gale Group Inc., 2003.Gist, Brenda Lovelace. Eloquently Speaking. Xlibris, December 7, 2010.History.com Editors. Civil rights activist James Meredith shot. History, AE Television Networks, LLC, July 27, 2019.Walker, Samuel. Black Power! A Slogan is Born. Today in Civil Liberties History, Samuel Walker, 2014.

Teams Are Essential To Success In Both Business And Many

Teams are essential to success in both business and many varied aspects of our personal and professional life. Proper team development is critical to ensuring that high performance teams, and understanding the process surrounding team development is critical for managers and leaders. In this essay, I will discuss the team development process by examining the five stages of team development, and provide personal examples of each of the stages with advantages and disadvantages in my personal experiences in a team environment while serving as part of an organizational re-design team. Teams are defined as small groups of individuals with particular skills that work together to achieve identified goals (Schermerhorn Bachrach, 2015).†¦show more content†¦The team members asked to participate made logical sense as their divisions were critical to organizational change, and would be directly impacted by the team recommendation. In the same initial meeting, however, a disadvantag e was individuals who were not critical to the project came to the meeting and attempted to join the team without invitation. This resulted in those individuals being thanked for their interest, but being told that their participation was not required or desired for the team. The catalyst for this action was the elimination of non-essential team members and the imminent distraction their interests would impose on the team. This action during the forming stage ensured that the team was built of the essential members necessary to participate on the team, while ensuring the team was structured to focus only on the directed goals and objectives of the team. As a leader, I would ensure that team member recruiting and sourcing is deliberate, and that team member guidance is specific on who is being sourced to join the team. The second stage of the team development process is the storming phase. During the storming phase, personal or organizational interests, agendas, and personalitie s are introduced into the team (Schermerhorn Bachrach, 2015). During this phase, tension, hostility, anger, and infighting among theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Project Management1464 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement is an essential part of the work environment and its purpose within business, academic backgrounds and research are crucial to the development of solutions and products that enable a company to be successful. The idea of project management is quite simple; a group of people are detached from the company and given a goal to focus their efforts on. The size of the group is entirely dependant on the size of the company. When looking to put together a project management team, there are twoRead MoreThe Issue Of Managing Organizational Change1335 Words   |  6 Pagesoperational strategies and structures reflect business realities based on previous researches. However, it is noted that leadership and management skills, such as visioning, prioritizing, planning, organising, providing feedback and financial incentives, rewarding success, are key factors in any successful change initiative. Introduction Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system is a business management system that comprises setRead MoreReflection On Being A Leader833 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity. An opportunity to lead a team to better themselves while working alongside one another to accomplish a common goal. A leader is someone who is always eager to learn and grow. Leaders understand that it is important to continue to improve their skills, and they look for opportunities which will further their knowledge and strengthen their ability to lead. Effective leaders understand that listening is an essential skill to understanding their team. After understanding what motivates eachRead MoreLeadership Competencies And Leadership Skills1477 Words   |  6 Pagestask assigned is known as skill whereas the quality to accomplish the same is called as competency. When creating leadership competencies certain factors are considered such as business strategies and future trends. To drive the use of competencies in select ing and developing leaders HR practitioners should use the business strategies. To effectively build a unique set of skills for the organization s leaders, the firm will sustain competitive advantage. The role of a project manager has always beenRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Risk Management1415 Words   |  6 PagesManagement Interface Like risk, human resources are pervasive in the business. Human resource management is most effective when integrated with decision making throughout the business. This leads to recognition that each production, financial, and marketing decision has a human component or influence. Which choice is made, how the decision is carried out, the follow-up and monitoring depend on people. Isolating management team and employee issues from production, financial, and marketing managementRead MoreRationale And Issues That Occurs When Managers Read A Popular Book By A Management Guru1468 Words   |  6 Pagesfaced these problems and did not understand why or what went wrong in many situations by reading the book it changed the way I think about many things. The actions are taken during the first few months in a new role will largely determine if there is success or failure, when this happens the problems can be traced to vicious cycles that develop in the first few months on the job, whether failure to lose your opportunities or success to advance your career the transitions are still critical. A surveyedRead MoreThe Structure And Dynamics Of Communication Network971 Words   |  4 Pagesis to understand the importance of communication in business, the structure and dynamics of communication network are central importance for the functionality of organization. To show various dimension of workplace communication including different type of organization and communication network with organization. Understanding that communication skills are all around us, from the day we are born until the rest of our lives. Understanding how many times you have seen communication skills required forRead MoreEssay on Jordan Belfort1106 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals within society to better themselves. With connection to sub-topics from self-study and personal experience as both an employee and a customer, this essay will provide a synopsis of Jordan Belfort’s life, critically analyse the strengths a As time proceeded his career progressed and Jordan started to live the party lifestyle lived by many of those in his business and social circles. Consequently this leached onto Stratton Oakmont and Jordan’s leadership manipulated the companies’ cultureRead MoreMarketing Is Not Just Selling And Advertising1022 Words   |  5 Pagesmake up a critical role in marketing. With so many forms of marketing, so many products, and limited number of customers: how do firms compete? In an interview with Gail Smith, Chairman and CEO of Abbene | Smith Global, LLC, I received insight on what the requirements for a successful business and how marketing plays a critical role in the day-to-day operations, as well as, long-term finance of business. In order to be successful in marketing there are many different perspectives; however, in the interviewRead MoreCapital Budget Analysis : A Company, Team A Oil On The Right Track When Entering Into Spain1226 Words   |  5 PagesAs a company , Team A Oil is finding ways to enter into Spain with both success and confidence. Starting a new company in another country is both challenging as well as exciting. As a company there are so many factors that are important to the success of the business. One of the main factor that have to be taken into consideration is capital budget analysis. Understanding the concept and how it works for the company is crucial to the business. There are a few areas within capital budget analysis that

Causes of the Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Free Essays

The fall of the Roman Empire was inevitable by A. D. 476. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of the Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire or any similar topic only for you Order Now Christianity had weakened the bonds that had held it together, the people became corrupt, and it got too big. It was also because of the barbarian attacks. All empires eventually fall and Rome’s time had come to an end. When discussing the causes of the fall of the Roman Empire one has to see that this occurred over many years and had many different facets. Each issue has to be addressed independently with the understanding that they simultaneously combined to the dissension within the Empire and the falling of the borders that had been established during its height. By the end of the second century AD, the empire encompassed most of the Mediterranean, including Spain, France, most of Britain, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, the Middle East, Egypt, and Northern Africa. The collapse of the Roman Empire was a calamity; it leads to the Dark (Middle) Ages. Seeing all the bad that came of it, the destruction of art, the collapse of great cities, the deterioration of the system of roads, the ruin of the Mediterranean trade, and the loss of European unity–it’s difficult to imagine any good came of it. But some good did result. The break up of the empire led to the abolition of slavery in Europe. Of course, this, in turn, led to more poverty and the increase of latifundia because the poor people lost their land to the aristocrats. But the slaves were better off as peasants than as slaves. Christianity was a major cause of the fall of Rome. Although Rome had religious tolerance, Romans, especially Jews, didn’t accept Christianity. A lot of people converted to Christianity because they lost faith in the Romans. At first most Christians were Jews but less strict. Many values were different but they still followed Jewish dietary laws and shared many beliefs with the Jews. The early Christians also got circumcised. Even Jesus got circumcised because he was born a Jew. Then he thought he was God’s messenger but many other people during that time also thought that so most people started off not believing him. The Christians started adopting the values that they have today during the time that Saul/Paul was alive. At first he started off as a Jew who hated Jesus and hated the Christians but then he converted and traveled around spreading the thoughts of Christians but he said that Christians didn’t need to follow the Jewish dietary laws and they didn’t need to get circumcised. The Romans and the Jews didn’t like the message that Jesus was spreading so they crucified him. One impact that Jesus had was that more people didn’t want to join the military and they didn’t want to participate in the community. Since the people stopped participating in government and they didn’t join the army, the Roman army composed of the Barbarians from Germany. These Barbarians lead disorganized attacks and even attacked other Roman Barbarian groups. Because of these sloppy attacks, Rome’s army fell and it was no longer the military superpower it was before. Also, many of the lands that Rome had conquered wanted independence and broke free of the Roman Empire. Herbert J. Muller argues in his book Uses of the Past that Rome got rich by conquering new lands and because of trade with new markets and when the Barbarian attacks went unsuccessful they got no more land therefore losing their source of wealth. Edward Gibbon argues the opposite in his book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He says that the Roman Empire fell because it was too widespread. He says that there was too much land for the government to govern and because of that the government lost money. By the end of the Roman Empire it was widespread and had many land. By conquering these lands they got many slaves from war and from these new lands. The abundance of slaves lead to the growth of latifundia, large estates owned by the rich. These slaves were willing to work hard for little pay so the rich got richer and the poor grew poorer. The poor coloni [farmers] lost their lands and the aristocrats bought them out. Then the poor farmers went to the city and became dependent on handouts from the government such as free grain. There were many causes for the fall of the Roman Empire. Some causes were the rise of Christianity, the fall of the army, the abundance of slaves and the size of the empire. Because of all these reasons and many more Rome couldn’t survive which lead to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman empire survived and became the Byzantine Empire. Rome’s fall lead to the Dark Ages but Rome has an impact in our everyday culture because they influenced the Greeks of whose culture we have copied in order to build our own culture. How to cite Causes of the Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Papers

The idea of investigating Essay Example

The idea of investigating Essay The idea of investigating how the human mind perceives colored words is one of those aspects of life that most of us take for granted. In 1935, J. Ridley Stroop performed a series of experiments to examine this phenomenon. In his article, Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions Stroop explained that conflicting color and word stimuli resulted in a phenomenon he described as interference. Because Stroops experiments only demonstrated this effect when participants were asked to name the color of a word with a conflicting meaning stimulus, he determined that the interference was a result of automatic retrieval in reading. My experiment will attempt to replicate the second experiment that Stroop performed during his original study. The aim of this experiment is to determine if automatic retrieval in reading interferes with a participants ability to identify the color of the word displayed. My experiment followed the repeated measures design. I used one group of participants and testeed them in both the experimental and the control condition. Through this method the confounding variable of participant variability was avoided. As the same group experienced the experimental and control variable, any differences must have been a result of the variables and not differences in the participants themselves. A possible disadvantage to the repeated measures design is the order effect, differences exhibited by participants could be due to the order that the experimental and control conditions are presented. To counterbalance the order effect I separated participants into two randomly selected groups, Group A experienced the control variable first and the experimental variable second, while the Group B was exposed to the experimental design first and the control variable second. It was essential to randomly allocate the participants into their groups to maintain the integrity of t he experiment. I flipped a coin to determine if the participant would be in Group A or Group B. We will write a custom essay sample on The idea of investigating specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The idea of investigating specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The idea of investigating specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The independent variable in this design was the presence of a conflicting color name in the stimulus. The measured dependent variable was the amount of time it took to identify the color of the stimulus. The control condition provided the participants with twenty blocks of color to verbally identify; their response time was measured in seconds and hundredths of seconds. The experimental condition provided the participants with twenty words with conflicting color names and word colors, for example, the word white written in green ink. The participants response time was measured in seconds and hundredths of seconds. Participants response times were recorded under numbers rather than names, in this manner the privacy and confidentiality of the participant was protected. All individuals who wished to participate in the study were required to sign an informed conset form. In order to maintain the single blind aspect of the study the participants were be informed of the true purpose of the experiment before participation, however all participants were debriefed after their participation. Additionally, the participants received a copy of the results of the experiments. The experiment does not involve any physical discomfort, and very minimal mental stress. PARTICIPANTS The participants in the experiment came from the student body of Upper St. Clair High School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The school is located in a suburban community, and a majority of the population are upper-middle class Caucasian individuals. Hence the results can not be generalized across any demographic group except the one represented by the students. The results of the study were influenced by volunteer bias. Additionally, only the population who were free, at the time the experiment was conducted, were able to participate. Also, all the participants were required to be over the age of sixteen, thus eliminating half of the student population of the high school. Finally, since the test relied upon color recognition those individual with color blindness were unable to participate. Eventually, fifteen individuals participated in the study. Twelve of those fifteen were female. Although there was an unequal gender distribution in the sample group, the experiment does not investig ate gender issues. Additionally, since the participants were all high school students, their ages ranged from sixteen to eighteen. MATERIALS The experiment required * SHEET A -( 20 colored blocks) ~ Appendix Page 1 * SHEET B (20 colored words) ~ Appendix Page 2 * Key (Correct Answers to both Sheet A and B) ~ Appendix Page 3 * Standardized Instructions ~ Appendix Page 4 * Sample Sheet ~ Appendix Page 5 * Informed Conset Statement ~ Appendix Page 6 * Standard Debriefing Statement ~ Appendix Page 7 * An accurate digital timer PROCEDURES I felt that it was essential for me to understand the experiment which I was replicating. Obtaining the original article which Stroop published in Journal of Experimental Psychology was invaluable. In order to create my own materials, I relied upon the experimental methodology literature provided in my texts as well as my background research. Essentially, I created methods analogous to those used by Stroop in the second of his three experiments. In order to garner volunteers for my experiment, we placed an invitation the morning announcements. Additionally, my psychology teacher requested students in her other classes to participate in the experiment. I conducted the experiment upon an individual basis. I requested that all participants remain outside the room and called in each participant one at a time. Before they entered the room, I flipped a coin to determine if they were to be in Group A or Group B. Upon entering, I asked them to take a seat, read the informed consent statement, and sign it if they agreed to all the conditions. Then I read the introductory portion of my standardized instructions. I then gave the participant either Sheet A or B, depending on which group they were in. As the participant verbally identified the color of the stimulus, I visually checked their answers with a previously prepared key. I then read the second portion of the instructions to them, and handed them the other sheet. Again, as the participant verbally identified the color of the stimulus, I visually checked their answers with a previously prepared key. Finally, I debriefed the participants with the standard debriefing statement.

Fallacies Straw Man Arguments

Fallacies Straw Man Arguments Fallacies: Straw Man Arguments Sadly, straw man arguments do not involve literal scarecrows. Rather, they are a type of fallacy: i.e., an argument that sounds convincing but contains hidden mistakes. But what exactly does a straw man argument involve? And how can you avoid them in your written work? What Is a Straw Man Argument? Could you beat this guy in an argument? Building a â€Å"straw man† implies constructing an idea that is easy to argue against rather than engaging with the real issue. This typically involves distorting your opponent’s ideas or beliefs to make it easier to refute them (even if you’re not â€Å"refuting† their actual arguments). For example, imagine an argument between Cheryl and Bob: Cheryl: Parents have a responsibility to expose their kids to learning at home as well as at school. Bob: Pedagogical theories that claim children don’t benefit from school are no use to anyone. Bob’s argument here is a â€Å"straw man† because he has misinterpreted what Cheryl was saying. And instead of responding to her suggestion that education can occur outside the classroom, he is arguing against something she never said: that children don’t benefit from school. Most straw man arguments are subtler than this. But they all involve misrepresenting someone to make it easier to win an argument. How to Avoid Straw Man Arguments It is possible to make a straw man argument without realizing it. This can happen, for example, if we don’t fully understand something that we are arguing about in a college paper. As such, to avoid this fallacy in your work, you should always: Read your source closely. And when you’ve read it once, re-read it so you have a full understanding of what the author is saying. Keep close track of your sources and cite them clearly. This will ensure you’re always engaging closely with the person you’re arguing against. Be charitable when interpreting your opponent’s arguments. Are you sure they mean what you think they mean? What else could they be saying? Look for sources that defend the position you’re arguing against. If they make good points, acknowledge and engage with these ideas in your work. Remember you’re trying to find the truth. If you need to distort someone’s ideas to beat them in an argument, you’re missing the point! With the above in mind, you should be able to avoid making straw man arguments. And if you’d like help expressing yourself clearly, don’t forget to get your work proofread.

Operation Pastorius - World War II German Operation Pastorius

Operation Pastorius - World War II German Operation Pastorius Operation Pastorius Background: With the American entry into World War II in late 1941, German authorities began planning to land agents in the United States to collect intelligence and carry out attacks against industrial targets. Organization of these activities was delegated to the Abwehr, Germanys intelligence agency, which was headed by Admiral Wilhelm Canaris. Direct control of the American operations was given to William Kappe, a long-time Nazi who had lived in the United States for twelve years. Canaris named the American effort Operation Pastorius after Francis Pastorius who led the first German settlement in North America. Preparations: Utilizing the records of the Ausland Institute, a group that had facilitated the return of thousands of Germans from America in the years before the war, Kappe selected twelve men with blue-collar backgrounds, including two who were naturalized citizens, to begin training at the Abwehrs sabotage school near Brandenburg. Four men were quickly dropped from the program, while the remaining eight were divided into two teams under the leadership of George John Dasch and Edward Kerling. Commencing training in April 1942, they received their assignments the following month. Dasch was to lead Ernst Burger, Heinrich Heinck, and Richard Quirin in attacking the hydroelectric plants at Niagara Falls, a cryolite plant in Philadelphia, canal locks on the Ohio River, as well as Aluminum Company of America factories in New York, Illinois, and Tennessee. Kerlings team of Hermann Neubauer, Herbert Haupt, and Werner Thiel were designated to strike the water system in New York City, a railroad station in Newark, Horseshoe Bend near Altoona, PA, as well as canal locks at St. Louis and Cincinnati. The teams planned to rendezvous at Cincinnati on July 4, 1942. Operation Pastorius Landings: Issued explosives and American money, the two teams traveled to Brest, France for transport by U-boat to the United States. Embarking aboard U-584, Kerlings team departed on May 25 for Ponte Vedra Beach, FL, while Daschs team sailed for Long Island aboard U-202 the next day. Arriving first, Daschs team landed on the night of June 13. Coming ashore on a beach near Amagansett, NY, they wore German uniforms to avoid being shot as spies if captured during the landing. Reaching the beach, Daschs men began burying their explosives and other supplies. While his men were changing into civilian clothes, a patrolling Coast Guardsman, Seaman John Cullen, approached the party. Advancing to meet him, Dasch lied and told Cullen that his men were stranded fisherman from Southampton. When Dasch refused an offer to spend the night at the nearby Coast Guard Station, Cullen became suspicious. This was reinforced when one of Daschs men shouted something in German. Realizing that his cover was blown, Dasch attempted to bribe Cullen. Knowing he was outnumbered, Cullen took the money and fled back to the station. Alerting his commanding officer and turning in the money, Cullen and other raced back to the beach. While Daschs men had fled, they saw U-202 departing in the fog. A brief search that morning unearthed the German supplies which had been buried in the sand. The Coast Guard informed the FBI about the incident and Director J. Edgar Hoover imposed a news blackout and commenced a massive manhunt. Unfortunately, Daschs men had already reached New York City and easily evaded the FBIs efforts to locate them. On June 16, Kerlings team landed in Florida without incident and began moving to complete their mission. The Mission Betrayed: Reaching New York, Daschs team took rooms in a hotel and purchased additional civilian clothing. At this point Dasch, aware that Burger had spent seventeen months in a concentration camp, called his comrade for a private meeting. At this gathering, Dasch informed Burger that he disliked the Nazis and intended to betray the mission to the FBI. Before doing so, he wanted Burgers support and backing. Burger informed Dasch that he too had planned to sabotage the operation. Having come to an accord, they decided that Dasch would go to Washington while Burger would remain in New York to oversee Heinck and Quirin. Arriving in Washington, Dasch was initially dismissed by several offices as a crackpot. He was finally taken seriously when he dumped $84,000 of the missions money on the desk of Assistant Director D.M. Ladd. Immediately detained, he was interrogated and debriefed for thirteen hours while a team in New York moved to capture the rest of his team. Dasch cooperated with the authorities, but was unable to provide much information regarding the whereabouts of Kerlings team other than stating they were due to meet in Cincinnati on July 4. He was also able to provide the FBI with a list of German contacts in the United States which had been written in invisible ink on a handkerchief issued to him by the Abwehr. Utilizing this information, the FBI was able to track down Kerlings men and took them into custody. With the plot foiled, Dasch expected to receive a pardon but instead was treated the same as the others. As a result, he asked to be jailed with them so they would not know who betrayed the mission. Trial Execution: Fearful that a civilian court would be too lenient, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered that the eight would-be saboteurs be tried by a military tribunal, the first held since the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Placed before a seven-member commission, the Germans were accused of: Violating the law of warViolating Article 81 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of corresponding with or giving intelligence to the enemyViolating Article 82 of the Articles of War, defining the offense of spyingConspiracy to commit the offenses alleged in the first three charges Though their lawyers, including Lauson Stone and Kenneth Royall, attempted to have the case moved to a civilian court, their efforts were in vain. The trial moved forward in the Department of Justice Building in Washington that July. All eight were found guilty and sentenced to death. For their assistance in foiling the plot, Dasch and Burger had their sentences commuted by Roosevelt and were given 30 years and life in prison respectively. In 1948, President Harry Truman showed both men clemency and had them deported to the American Zone of occupied Germany. The remaining six were electrocuted at the District Jail in Washington on August 8, 1942. Selected Sources U-boat.net: Special OperationsHistoryNet: German Saboteurs Invade America in 1942FBI: George John Dasch the Nazi Saboteurs

Pick a time in your life that was greatly significant to you, one that Essay

Pick a time in your life that was greatly significant to you, one that marked a change in your life and perspective and one tha - Essay Example This mass shooting incident churned my insides because for the first time I experienced the meaning of death and the sense of loss executed by it. Before that ominous day of December, I attached no value to the idea of life being a hotheaded nonconformist that I was. I was engaged in an endless search for happiness and sense of purpose. That search took me to different places but I never got any answer. But after 14th December 2012, I realized that sometimes answers to fundamentally important questions of life can be embedded in witnessing the tragic demise of someone you dearly love. Yes, that is true. I realized the importance of my life after experiencing the tragic death of someone I had stayed close to for 5 long years. The person who died after the mass shooting occurred at the hospital because of fatal wounds was the little brother of my dearest friend. It seems like I have known this family forever and after I arrived in the US from Asia about 6 years ago, my friend’s family has been my family in its most literal sense. I have known these people forever and I adore them as fiercely as my own family. In my friend’s mother, I see the unbelievable generosity of my mother and in his little brother’s innocent tricks, I used to witness the youthful cheekiness of my own little brother living in Asia. I several times played the role of a big brother for that little man accompanying him to super stores whenever my friend was unavailable or assisting him in other chores. When I first heard the news of the tragic incident, I was sitting hopelessly bored at a cafe thinking about what interesting task could I engage in to make my life a little worthwhile. After I was told that my friend’s little brother had also got severely wounded amidst shooting, I acutely remember the whole scene literally darkened for some moments. And after his death, everything happened so quickly, watching my friend and his mother shell-shocked over their irrecove rable loss inculcated an overpowering respect for life in my heart in that same instant. I acknowledged the unique power of life and dark loss of death due to that unfortunate social event which depressed the entire society beyond possibility and is still making headlines. That event changed me as a person forever. Before that, I had minimal respect for life and the associations shared by me with significant others struck no chord in my heart for long. Now, I have a thriving passion for life and essentially attach considerable importance to every moment I spend with the people I love because one never knows what tomorrow might bring. That time of my life also compelled me to think about certain serious issues of the society in which I had no interest before due to lack of awareness. But, such an intense experience helped me to understand the validity of the anti-gun sentiments in the US. Considering myriad lives and families destroyed by such deadly mass shootings, I believe now tha t every college’s administration in every state should go all the way through to prohibit students from bringing guns. My perspective about the whole issue is also same as that of the majority’s according to which guns simply do not belong in a college classroom. Research also stresses that gun control is strongly related to sound societal values (Wilson 9) and inability of colleges to become major front in fight over carrying

Position Paper - Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Position Paper - Death Penalty - Essay Example Death penalty has been present ever since the societal shift from being primitive communal to the slave society state wherein civilizations were formed and rulers were made. The death penalty was implemented by the earliest civilizations yet there were no formal records of a death sentence being served. According to the Web site library.thinkquest.org, death penalty has very old roots; in fact, there is evidence of its application even in peoples such as Babylonians, ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. (). The earliest recorded death sentence according to the Web site www.pbs.org was in the 16th century when a member of the Egyptian nobility was accused of magic, and was ordered to take his own life. (). Through the ages death penalty was implemented, it was only the manner of which it was executed and of how it was perceived changed through time, the manner changed from the guillotine and hanging through the firing squad and lethal injection, a brief history of how death penalty w as done and the violations which led to a death sentence is presented in the Web site www.pbs.org. () It was only since after World War II, that there has been a consistent trend in abolishing the death penalty. (â€Å"Death Penalty Worldwide†, en.wikipedia.org, ). Political as well has humane considerations have been taken into account in the abolition of death penalty as a punishment for some crimes. Since the start of abolition, the number of death penalty sentences served curved down, although capital punishment was still retained in other countries, most of these countries are those with religious considerations. The Instruments of death were also changed, some were more harsh than others, in some countries morbid methods

Narration and Perspective in Pramoedyas Inem Essay -- Asia Narrative

Narration and Perspective in Pramoedya's Inem Tradition represents an integral component of one's cultural identity, and this is especially so in this rapidly changing world which we live in, where the boundaries between different cultures are increasingly being blurred and distorted by the process of globalisation. While traditions do define the beliefs, practices and collective experiences of a people, the continued existence of certain socio-cultural institutions in which discriminatory and repressive measures still persist cannot be condoned. It is this very dimension that Pramoedya addresses in his short story, "Inem": The narrator's reminiscences of his childhood perform a serious social commentary and incisive social critique of various repressive traditional institutions in Indonesian society, such as the practice of child-brides (i.e. the forced socialisation of children), as well as the intransigent nature of prevailing patriarchal attitudes towards women and subsequent treatment they receive in the author's socio-cult ural milieu. The story achieves, albeit subtly, a powerful condemnation of these facets, which is presented artfully through a duality in the narration - a child's naà ¯ve perspective and circumscribed knowledge to describe the course of events as they happened, alongside the mature, retrospective voice, which also provides a highly mimetic depiction of life in this society. It might be pertinent and helpful here to first discuss the structure of the narrative itself, for there are several elements in the sequencing of the discourse that contribute in no small way to the overall effect of the narration/narrator. The narrative begins in media res (beginning in the midst of the action at a crucial junct... ...d in the narration. This is ultimately left to the sub-text, of what is left unsaid. It is quite clear where the author stands on the issues the short story raises, and through the naà ¯vetà © in the children's perspective presented in the narrator's recollections, an intense and vivid resemblance to reality in this very retrospection, and the narrative sequencing that remorselessly directs the story towards the concluding tragedy - a powerful and scathing, if not sober, social critique on the nature of tradition, adhering to correct social behaviour and resistance to change is shaped and conveyed. Bibliography Chatman, Seymour. "Narration: Narrator and Narratee". Reading Narrative Fiction. New York: Macmillan, 1993. 90-97. Pramoedya Ananta Toer. "Inem". Contemporary Literature of Asia. Arthur Biddle et al (ed.) Blair: Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996. 139-148.

Should the Barnardo’s Silver Spoon advertisement campaign have been banned?

A study of an advertising campaign and the ethical issues involved. Media influence refers to the impact of mass media, it has the ability to shape our society's way of thinking and it has the power to send a strong and influential message to its audience. Advertising media is a form of communication whose purpose is to promote a particular product or service. The message that these adverts send off are not always positive so therefore, certain regulatory authorities are there to counteract this negative influence. In the UK, the content of advertisements are regulated by the ASA (Advertising Standards Authority) and they have the authority to ban any adverts that are harmful, misleading or offensive. In winter 2003, Barnardo's launched their â€Å"Silver spoons† campaign against poverty but within three months, the campaign was banned. Barnardo's is a British Charity found by Thomas John Barnardo in 1866. Barnardo's purpose is to care for the abused, the vulnerable, the forgotten and the neglected. They believe that every child deserves to be given an opportunity to fulfil their potential and live a worthwhile, blissful life. The purpose of Barnardo's â€Å"Silver Spoon† campaign was to draw attention to child poverty and hopefully be able to raise a significant amount to eliminate child poverty. They used shocking images of new born babies, hoping to shock the target audience into donating to their charity. The reason Barnardo's felt it was necessary to produce such controversial adverts was because of a poll they carried out, 86% of people questioned did not realise that one in three of the UK's children are born into poverty. Barnardo's felt that actions had to be taken to raise awareness of this fact. The advertisements feature a cockroach, a bottle of methylated spirit and a syringe protruding from the babies' mouths. The babies in the first three adverts look distressed and alongside the images is text explaining the situation of child poverty in the UK. One of the images features a new born baby named Mary, very yellow in colour; entirely covered in body fluid with a half empty syringe forced into her mouth. The yellowness of Mary's skin indicates poor health and infirmity; perhaps she is not fed properly, not cared properly. The audience learn that this child is born in a hospital because of the hospital band tied onto its wrist. The fact that the baby is still covered in body fluid implies lack of care and nurture. The half empty syringe protruding from Mary's mouth indicates that she has already been doomed to a life of drug abuse, immediately taking away the innocence of the child. Mary is crying shows that she does not want this to happen but â€Å"thanks to poverty† this is a future that has been predestined and she alone is powerless to change. The fact that the baby is in such a vulnerable position, clenching its fist with its arms placed by its side indicates that she is opened up and exposed to the horrors of poverty. The fact that Mary has tilted her head to the side crying reinforces the fact that she is weak and does not want to face the future poverty has destroyed. The main purpose of this shocking image is to trigger curiosity and â€Å"shock† the audience into reading the text alongside the image. The text is very skilful and contains a lot of underlying emotion. Through one small paragraph, we see the presence of numerous literary devices which makes the advert much more persuasive and effective. The headline â€Å"There are no silver spoons for children born into poverty† relies on the old English proverb â€Å"born with a silver spoon in your mouth† meaning to be born into a life of opportunity and prosperity, assuming the audience would know the meaning of the proverb. Through this we learn that the campaign is targeted at middle aged, middle/upperclassmen, as they are much likely to be the ones who would understand the meaning of the proverb. This metaphor is used to point out that not every child is fortunate enough to be born with a â€Å"silver spoon† and children are not born with equal opportunities. The naming of the child is very effective, not â€Å"the baby† but â€Å"Baby Mary†. This gives the child back its innocence the image has taken away. Naming the child has the effect of making everything appear very genuine and personal. The purpose of this is to make the audience emotionally drawn into the advert and sympathise for the children who are born into poverty. And hopefully, donate to the charity. Baby Mary is three minutes old. Thanks to Poverty she faces a desperate future†, already poverty has predetermined her life for her. This emphasizes the impact of poverty, informing the audience what poverty is capable of destroying. Notice that â€Å"Poverty† in the text begins with a capital letter; this personifies poverty, as if poverty is a being, a monster that is ready to pou nce, to leap, to attack. This is very effective when trying to convey that poverty is going to be responsible for the baby's hopeless future, as personifying poverty tells you that poverty is the one to blame. Poverty is waiting to destroy Mary's hope and ambition and is likely to lead her to a future of drug abuse. † Abstract nouns such as â€Å"hope† and â€Å"ambition† were used, â€Å"hope† and â€Å"ambition† are possessions everyone should have; it is not an object or luxury that only some could afford. It is something that everyone deserves, you do not have to be wealthy to have hope and you certainly don't need wealth to be ambitious! By telling the audience that poverty has stolen these away from a newborn child emphasizes the power of poverty by illustrating what poverty is capable of doing. However, this can be very misleading as it gives the audience a negative impression of what it means to be poor. Within three months, the ASA received around five hundred complaints about the content of the adverts being very misleading and offensive. In December 2003, the campaign was withdrawn. In response to the numerous complaints made against the first three adverts, Barnardo's released a less offensive and less controversial advert, but equally hard hitting and effective. The new advert features a new born child, with a silver spoon placed in its mouth. This refers to the same proverb as the past three adverts, â€Å"born with a silver spoon in your mouth†, thus makes association and reminds the audience of the previous ads. The shining silver spoon carefully placed in this baby's mouth juxtaposes the dangerous, unpleasant objects forced in the other babies' mouths. This makes the audience stop, wait and think about the message of the ads. The silver spoon signifies a life of opportunity and prosperity. The use of high key lighting, baby bathed in golden light, signifies wealth and power and also an environment of peace and serenity. Baby sleeping on a cushion-like surface signifies a comfortable and easy life. This is very different to the previous adverts, where the babies were left on plain white blanket. The fact that this baby's eyes are placid and wide open suggests that it's looking forward to its bright future. Whereas, the babies in the other adverts looks distressed and not at ease. The audience sees this baby from a birds eye view; this suggests that there is someone watching over, like a parent nurturing a child. This signifies the warmth and love the babies in the previous adverts did not appear to have. The pictures of the babies in the previous adverts were taken from an angle looking at the baby from the side; this signifies lack of care and abundance. The headline â€Å"If only every child was born with a silver spoon† is the objective Barnardo's is trying to achieve. To make sure that every child gets â€Å"the best start in life, and the chance to fulfil their potential†. The repetition of the phrase â€Å"if only† emphasizes the fact that Barnardo's objective has not yet been accomplished and is significant because it signifies that something can be done to make this happen. The silver spoons campaign was designed to reduce the impact of poverty on children to the minimum. The adverts are trying to convey that â€Å"children born in poverty are more likely to suffer ill-health, be unemployed or homeless and to become involved in offending, drug, and alcohol abuse and abusive relationships in adulthood. † The reason Barnardo's felt it was necessary to produce such controversial adverts was because of a poll they carried out, 86% of people questioned did not realise that one in three of the UK's children are born into poverty. Barnardo's felt that actions had to be taken to raise awareness of this fact. The morning the first adverts were released, the ASA received 92 complaints and immediately launched an urgent investigation. Many felt that the images of the adverts were very shocking and offensive because it gives the public a false impression of what it's like being poor. The adverts showing poverty, portrays a child who lacks care and support. Parents who are poor can still love and care for their child, being poor does not mean that you do not care about your child. One of the reasons why individuals found this advert so offensive was because it was stereotyping the poor. However, statistics show that children who are born in poverty are more likely to under perform in school and live in a high crime-rate area. So therefore they are more likely be victims of crime or associate with criminals. Although this is proven correct by statistics, it is more like a fact the certain individuals find hard to accept and want to forget about. The purpose of these shocking images is to force those people back to reality and compel them to do something about it. After three months since the ad's first release, it was banned by the ASA. This campaign cost one million pounds, but only lasted three months. There are many arguments against the ban, one of them being that the advert has been very successful in informing the public about child poverty. â€Å"People are now more aware that child poverty exists in the UK and are aware it is the biggest threat to childhood. † The numbers of donations received through the Barnardo's website are six times higher than usual. This shows that the advert was very effective and helped to make a real difference by improving the lives of children living in poverty. The advert has met the demands of being honest, truthful and legal. It has been tested with an agency affliated with the ASA before being released, and was passed. This indicates that the ad did not violate any laws or legislations, therefore it was considered appropriate for the public's viewing. This means that the main reason why it was banned was because certain individuals found the advert's pessimistic nature very disturbing and offensive. The fact that these adverts were released just before Christmas 2003 may be one of the reasons why people refused to accept it. Christmas is the time of year where people over indulge and so they often don't want to think about the existence of poverty because it makes them feel guilty spending so much money on things they often do not need. They do not want to be pestered by their own guilt, so therefore they prefer to ignore reality. To conclude, I think that the Barnardo's first three adverts should not have been banned. This is because the media today constantly reports poverty in third world countries that it shapes us into thinking that poverty only exists there and not here. The number of people in poverty in this country is very high and is extremely shocking because the UK is one of the most well developed countries in the world, yet many people are so poor. Research shows that one in every three children in the UK are born into poverty, but 86% of those questioned were unaware of this fact. This means that an advert that is powerful, shocking and grasping like Barnardo's â€Å"Silver spoons† is necessary to inform the public about the situation of child poverty in the UK and what we could do to help. I think that the adverts should not be banned because its effective in capturing attention and persuade people to donate. The ad successfully helped to make a difference by increasing the number of donations and thus improving the lives of children living in poverty. However, I cannot force myself to agree that a child who is born into poverty would definitely lead a life of extreme acoholism, drugs and squalor. I think that it really is down to the influence of parents, teachers and peers to shape a child's mind and future and not their family's financial status.

The Legalization Of Physician Assisted Death - 1173 Words

The idea of committing euthanasia and physician- assisted suicide (PAS) had a historical root in the nineteenth century and referred as skillful alleviation of suffering1 in Latin transcripts. Recently the theme of the legalization of physician-assisted death (PAD) in Canada boosted in 2012. The decision of the British Columbia Supreme Court in the case of Carter v. Canada (Attorney General) was the threshold of the theme. It ruled that the Canadian Criminal Code 2 prohibition against PAD was discriminatory. According to the decision, the section 241 of the Code abuses the section of 12 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The adjudication is being finalized by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2015 by granting a†¦show more content†¦In term of jurisprudence, assuming the legalization of euthanasia and PAD based on the court s decision in Carter v. Canada has no legal ground. First of all, there is a new law only regarding PAD, whereas there is nothing about euthanas ia. Secondly, euthanasia and PAD are two different legal terms. In brief, â€Å"euthanasia means the deliberate act undertaken by one person with the intention of ending the life of another person to relieve that person s suffering†, according to the Canadian Senate 1995 report 3. In PAS, a physician, at the request of a competent patient, prescribe a lethal quantity of medication, intending that the patient will use the medicals to commit suicide 4. Thirdly, according to section 241 of the Canadian Criminal Code, there is a punishment for a doctor who assists a person to commit suicide. This sentencing revised through a decision from the Supreme Court of Canada that declared it should discriminate. In fact, derogating section 241 of the Canadian Criminal Code regarding the prohibition of PAD is vastly different from legalizing euthanasia or PAD. The Supreme Court of Canada in Carter v. Canada case provided: ...we should issue the following declaration: Section 241 and s.14 of the Criminal Code unjustifiably infringe s.7 of the Charter and are no force or effect to the extent that they prohibit physician-assisted death for a competent adult person who (1)

What Is Algebra and Why Is It Necessary

Simply put, algebra is about finding the unknown or putting real life variables into equations and then solving them. Unfortunately, many textbooks go straight to the rules, procedures, and formulas, forgetting that these are real life problems being solved and skipping the explanation of algebra at its core: using symbols to represent variables and missing factors in equations and manipulating them in such a way to arrive at a solution. Algebra is a  branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers, and an algebraic equation represents a scale where what is done on one side of the scale is also done to the other side of the scale and the  numbers act as constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors, and many more forms of mathematic representation. The field of algebra can be further broken into basic concepts known as elementary algebra or the more abstract study of numbers and equations known as abstract algebra, where the former is used in most mathematics, science, economics, medicine, and engineering while the latter is mostly used only in advanced mathematics. Practical Application of Elementary Algebra Elementary algebra is taught in all United States schools beginning between the seventh and ninth grades and continuing well into high school and even college. This subject is widely used in many fields including medicine and accounting, but can also be used for everyday problem solving when it comes to unknown variables in mathematical equations. One such practical use of algebra would be if you were trying to determine how many balloons you started the day with if you sold 37 but still had 13 remaining. The algebraic equation for this problem would be x - 37 13 where the number of balloons you started with is represented by x, the unknown we are trying to solve. The goal in algebra is to find out the unknown and in order to  do so in this example, you would manipulate the scale of the equation to isolate x on one side of the scale by adding 37 to both sides, resulting in an equation of x 50 meaning that you started the day with 50 balloons if you had 13 after selling 37 of them. Why Algebra Matters Even if you dont think youll need algebra outside of the hallowed halls of your average high school, managing budgets, paying bills, and even determining health care costs and planning for future investments will require a basic understanding of algebra. Along with developing critical thinking, specifically logic, patterns, problem-solving, deductive and inductive reasoning, understanding the core concepts of algebra can help individuals better handle complex problems involving numbers, especially as they enter the workplace where real life scenarios of unknown variables related to expenses and profits require employees to use algebraic equations to determine the missing factors. Ultimately, the more a person knows about math, the greater the opportunity for that individual to succeed in the engineering, actuary, physics, programming, or any other tech-related field, and algebra and other higher maths are typically required courses for entrance to most colleges and universities.

A Report On The Australian Banking Industry - 1815 Words

a. The Australian banking industry resembles an oligopoly with a few players playing a key part. This is evident from the share of top 5 banks in total housing loans standing at almost 73%, and it has risen over time from 60%. This shows that loans are more concentrated with top 5 banks now. The global financial crisis has led to a more concentrated market with lesser competition , lesser number of banks with housing loans and a consequent increase in share of total housing loans with the top 5 banks mentioned in the article. Experts point out that, ‘The pricing power of the four major banks reflects the strength of their brands and their dominant market positions. The big banks charge more for loans and less for deposits than smaller banks, hence their average interest margin is 2.2 per cent, compared with the 1.8 per cent margin of the regional banks.’ More evidence comes from a PWC report that states that’ concentration levels have increased since the onset of GFC’. The rise in HHI is proof of rising oligopolistic tendencies in this sector after 2008. b. A cartel is an example of collusive oligopoly- OPEC is a real life example. collusion will imply that all firms operate as a monopoly, leading to a price of Po and quantity Qo as shown. This is found where MR= MC. Firms make abnormal profits that are sustainable in long run. As compared to perfect competition Qc Qo and price is lower at Pc. Competition reduces the deadweight loss or loss of economicShow MoreRelatedBank of China: Chinese Central Bank861 Words   |  4 PagesChinese central bank, international exchange bank and specialised international trade bank. Fulfilling its commitment to serving the public and developing Chinas financial services sector, the Bank rose to a leading position in the Chinese financial industry and developed a good standing in the international financial community. In 1994, the Bank was transformed into a wholly state-owned commercial bank. In August 2004, Bank of China Limited was incorporated. The Bank was listed on the Hong Kong StockRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Financial System1478 Words   |  6 Pagessophistication of cyber security threats that has resulted in the rise in cybercrime not just in a technologically driven country like Australia but worldwide. Australia’s financial industry has been referred to as one of the largest and highest-performing industries in the country, and according to the Australian Institute of Criminology, it also is one of the â€Å"more sophisticated users of information and communications technologies† (Austrade, 2009). The financial industry’s increasing dependenceRead MoreWestpac Pestel Analysis+Recommendation740 Words   |  3 Pageslaws supervising the banking system in Australia. In this paper, we focus on one important and famous regulation: ‘four pillars’ policy. Basically, the ‘four pillar’ is a specific Australian policy to maintain the separation of ‘big four’ banks including Westpac and to prevent any merge and acquisition among these four banks (1997) .In terms of the report from both TUNSTALL (2007) and The Age (2006), the main objective of the policy is to keep the competition of the banking industry. Such the policyRead MoreFactors Affecting The Australian Financial Stocks1594 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial industries. With the development of global economics, the volatility of global stocks market reflects the economic situation across a number of countries. As a result, each nation’s fluctuation of stocks plays a significant role in its own economy. Furthermore, the financial stocks that act as an important sector of the whole stock market are caused fluctuating by a large number of factors. Without exception, there is a great number of reasons for the volatility of Australian financialRead MoreAccounting Is The System Of Collecting1218 Words   |  5 Pagesinterpreting financial information for a business or individual for the assistance of financial and business decision making. Accounting, affectionately dubbed â€Å"the language of business†, analyses business activities, investments, and expenses and reports this information to a client. Accounting covers a broad range of activities including but not limited to tax, financial accounting and statements, bookkeeping, financial advice and planning. Accounting is a regulated business, having to operate underRead MoreThe Theories of the International Expansion of Bank and the Performance of Foreign –Owned Bank in New Zealand1749 Words   |  7 PagesNew Zealand’s banking system has its roots in continental Europe. The first trading bank (the union bank of Australia) was established in 1840. After 1860, a numbers of other Australian and British banks followed, three were British overseas banks, two were Australian and one was local. Therefore the New Zealand banking sector has a long history of foreign ownership The government began to ease the restrictions of financial institutions from 1975, and the deregulation of banking was introducedRead MoreA General Description Of The Westpac Banking Corporation1568 Words   |  7 Pages) A general description of the organization (including the financial services that it provides). The Westpac Banking Corporation is a major bank in Australia which offers to the bank and financial services. The bank was the first in Australia which started trading in 1817, it offers a wide variety of financial services to it ever growing customers. With the vision and the overall strategy to become the best company in the world, Westpac continues to reach out its customers and the wider communityRead MoreEssay on Risk Management in Banking1021 Words   |  5 Pagesof banking industry emerged. The exchange of grain or goods between farmers and merchant were termed trading. Bank is financial intermediaries which accepts deposits from general public and organizations and are engaged in lending activities. In other word, banking business is the business of receiving money from the market through deposits and paying or borrowing the fund to the capital market and general public as well. Banks undertake various financial activities such as investment banking, privateRead MoreCompet ition in the Australian Banking Industry Essay3452 Words   |  14 PagesCompetition in the Australian Banking Industry (2006-2012) Table of Contents Title Page ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Table of Contents -------------------------------------------------------------2 Executive Summary ----------------------------------------------------------4 1. Introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------5 1.1 Australian Banking Industry 1.1.1 Major Banks / FourRead MoreThe Commonwealth Bank Of Australia1645 Words   |  7 PagesCompany Report – Commonwealth Bank This following report is about the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA). The Commonwealth Bank is a public business founded in 1911. This company is owned by the Australian government. The Commonwealth Bank operates within the tertiary business sector. Business Operations The Commonwealth Bank of Australia is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Fiji, Asia, USA and the United Kingdom. Commonly referred to as the Commonwealth Bank

Mm Approach Free Essays

Qus4. What are the assumptions of MM approach? Ans. Assumption of the MM approach The MM approach to irrelevance of dividend is based on the following assumptions: * The capital markets are perfect and the investors behave rationally. We will write a custom essay sample on Mm Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now * All information is freely available to all the investors. * There is no transaction cost. * Securities are divisible and can be split into any fraction. No investor can affect the market price. * There are no taxes and no flotation cost. The firm has a defined investment policy and the future profits are known with certainty. The implication is that the investment decisions are unaffected by the dividend decision and the operating cash flows are same no matter which dividend policy is adopted. The model Under the assumptions stated above, MM argue that neither the firm paying dividends nor the shareholders receiving the dividends will be adversely affected by firms paying either too little or too much dividends. They have used the arbitrage process to show that the division of profits between dividends and retained earnings is irrelevant from the point of view of the shareholders. They have shown that given the investment opportunities, a firm will finance these either by ploughing back profits of if pays dividends, then will raise an equal amount of new share capital externally by selling new shares. The amount of dividends paid to existing shareholders will be replaced by new share capital raised externally. In order to satisfy their model, MM has started with the following valuation model. P0= 1* (D1+P1)/ (1+ke) Where, P0 =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Present market price of the share Ke =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cost of equity share capital D1 =   Ã‚  Ã‚   Expected dividend at the end of year 1 P1 =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Expected market price of the share at the end of year 1 With the help of this valuation model we will create a arbitrage process, i. e. , replacement of amount paid as dividend by the issue of fresh capital. The arbitrage process involves two simultaneous actions. With reference to dividend policy the two actions are: * Payment of dividend by the firm * Rising of fresh capital. With the help of arbitrage process, MM have shown that the dividend payment will not have any effect on the value of the firm. Even if the firm pays dividends, resulting in a increase in market value of the share, the effect on the value of the firm will be neutralised by the decrease in terminal value of the share. How to cite Mm Approach, Papers

Higher Education Reform Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHigher Education Reform Australia. Answer: Introduction Education is a process in which people are equipped with knowledge; it is a basic requirement for all economies. Education has a great influence on the nations economic performance. For instance it is the major factor behind the employment of workers in an economy; employment is done only to those who possess certain skill; those without are disregarded. Over the years, development were experienced until schools were established. The primary school education is basic to every Australian child; the Australian government has established many public schools to facilitate the accessibility of children to schools. It has also provided free primary education to ensure equality in the acquisition of education. The secondary schools is the subsequent stage followed by the tertiary education. After completion of secondary education, students proceed to the tertiary institutions where they specialize on the acquisition of specific skills. However, not many students have been able to join tertiary institutions; some of the factors limiting the entrance is poor secondary performance and the high fees payable in these institutions. The government has implemented some educational reforms with an objective to help most students to acquire tertiary education skills (Education.gov.au, 2017). Parents and students will require this information in getting awareness of how tertiary education could be achieved at the lowest cost. It will also help the government in budgeting for the funds set aside as a promoter to achieving higher education. Economic Analysis Zajda and Rust (2017) noted that globalization is a driver for higher education reforms. The access to tertiary education has been on a limited number of students. In order for the government to raise the number of students who join tertiary education, it has proposed reforms to cut the payable fees. According to Croucher (2017), the Higher Education Participation and Partnerships Program (HEPPP) is part of the ongoing legislating initiative reform with an objective of promoting equity and accessibility in universities. The government has always offered support in paying some proportion of the school fees the university students are required to pay; this was to help as many students to attain the higher education at a lower cost. However, the number of university enrolment in Australian universities have gone down and thus need for more reforms to stimulate the enrolment. According to Doyle (2017), the pre-budget announcement was made by Simon Birmingham the Australian education mini ster in 2017. It propose an increase in university fees by 1.8% per year for the period between 2018 and 2021. Bexley (2017) noted that in overall this increase will be 7.5% and will raise the students fees by $2,000 to $3,600 for the four year course. The concept of demand and supply is applicable in this case analysis; by paying a larger proportion of school fees for the student, the government is only able to support a limited number of students. The reform proposed is to lower the proportion of school fees payable by the government; the surplus after the reduction would be used to fund more students and the enrolment rate would rise. The proposal requires that the student will pay a higher school fees if passed. There however exist a challenge in implementing this reform since there are many parties that are against it. Most importantly, the university students are not willing to accept any increase in their school fees as a support to promoting the reform. The analysis from Deloitte shows that there has been a 9.5% increase in the cost of providing university education as from 2011 to 2015 (Croucher, 2017). If the funding by the government was cut, the amount of money expected to be relieved for other students as at 2019 is pr ojected to be $380 million. The speculation of fees increase due to the increased teaching costs is 25%, but the proposed reduction in governments funding is 20%. The proposal to cut the funding has been in place since 2014. The idea has been criticized since then and thats the major reason why it has not yet been implemented. Massaro (2016) forecasted a reduced proportion of government expenditure from 0.5 to 0.4% of its total GDP. The budget has been rising every year since 2002 and is projected to continue rising. Its not clear whether this reduction will improve the higher education. Hare (2017) noted that the cut in funding will be performance-based. Recommendations The government should raise its budget on education expenditure as it is an important component of economic growth. The government could also invest in improving the information asymmetry in the labor market. This would help in ensuring that the university graduates do not take long before getting a job. This would facilitate the fast payment of the higher education debts; when these debts are payable, they are made available for funding the enrollment of other students. The government should analyze the impact of this reform implementation on both the present and the future students. It should consider whether the reform would increase or reduce affordability. Some students may enroll and end up failing to complete their studies owing to the rising school fees. Conclusion The government pays a big proportion of the school fees payable to the public universities. This is a good step to promoting higher education. Nevertheless, the cost of education provision has gone up and thus a need to raise the school fees. The government is also concerned by the fact that enrollment in universities has been lower and need to be improved. However, the government is faced by a budget constraint in the stimulation of this enrollment. It therefore means that the governments budget on higher education is insufficient and need to be raised. It is not easy for this proposal reform to be passed it is being argued to create inefficiency. It is not clear whether the cutting of government funding will be able to boost the enrollment in universities since some people may decide to avoid the increased fees by failing to enroll. Some graduates take long before they land into their first job which delays the payment of their debt obligations. References Bexley, E. (2017). Higher education reform: small changes for now but big ones to come. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/higher-education-reform-small-changes-for-now-but-big-ones-to-come-76978 [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Croucher, G. (2017). 2017 higher education reform: cuts to universities, higher fees for students. [Online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/2017-higher-education-reform-cuts-to-universities-higher-fees-for-students-63185 [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Doyle, J. (2017). Students set to face higher uni fees under Government shake-up. [Online] ABC News. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-01/university-fees-to-rise-in-federal-government-education-shake-up/8487564 [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Education.gov.au. (2017). Higher Education Reform Package. [Online] Available at: https://www.education.gov.au/higher-education-reform-package-0 [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Hare, J. (2017). Universities attack Birminghams higher education reform package. [Online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/universities-attack-birminghams-higher-education-reform-package/news-story/614c9910b336ebefe31822265dda79fe [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Hill, J. (2017). Australian Education Budget May 2017. [Online] Towards the Final Hour. Available at: https://towardsthefinalhour.com/2017/05/australian-education-budget-may-2017/ [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Massaro, V. (2017). Higher education reform needs to have vision and be affordable. [Online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/higher-education-reform-needs-to-have-vision-and-be-affordable/news-story/de4ecf1f9cee428d1591aa421fa897de [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Zajda, J. and Rust, V. (2016). Globalization and higher education reforms. Switzerland: Springer.

To find out what happens to the efficiency of a motor as I change the mass it lifts Essay Example

To find out what happens to the efficiency of a motor as I change the mass it lifts Essay When devices transfer energy, only part of it is USEFULLY TRANSFERRED to where it is wanted and in the form that it is wanted. The rest is transferred in some non-useful way and therefore it is wasted. The wasted energy and the useful energy are both eventually transferred to the surroundings. The greater the proportion of energy supplied to a device, THAT IS USEFULLY TRANSFERRED, the more efficient we say the device is.A motor is a device that transfers electrical energy into rotational kinetic energy, which can be used to lift a load. We are going to try and find out how the efficiency of a motor differs as we change the mass that it is required to lift. To do this we will let a small electric motor lift a small load 0.5m off the ground and work out its efficiency, increasing the weight of the load it has to lift by 0.1N each time we run it. Below is a diagram showing how the circuit for this experiment will be set up:As you can see, the motor has to be connected to the ammeter, vo ltmeter and the power supply. The ammeter is placed in series and the voltmeter is placed in parallel. The motor should be clamped tightly onto a stand over one metre off the ground. A piece of string capable of reaching to the floor should be attached to the spindle of the motor, whilst the other end should be attached to the mass hook.When the experiment is run, a stopwatch should begin timing as the power supply is switched on. Whilst the load is being lifted the amps should be read from the ammeter, and the volts from the voltmeter, at the same time. Once the load has been lifted 0.5 metres the timing should be stopped and the data recorded: weight (N), volts (V), amps (A), time (s). The basic raw data from the experiment has now been obtained. This process is repeated twice for each different weight that is lifted, amounting to a total of three runs per change in weight.The purpose of the volts, amps and time readings is to calculate the electrical energy supplied to the motor as it runs, or the total energy input, required later for calculating the efficiency. To calculate the total electrical energy supplied to any device we need to use to use the following formula:ELECTRICAL ENERGY (J) = VOLTS (V) ? AMPS (A) ? TIME (s)The volts, amps and time values were multiplied together to calculate the total electrical energy supplied to the motor in our experiment, as you can see in Table #1 in the Tables of Data section in the column headed Electrical Energy.PredictionThere has to be a weight that a motor is incapable of lifting. So although the motor can do more work by drawing more current, it must become less efficient.I predict that the line of best fit showing the trend on my results graph will look like:In other words, as the mass of its load increases, the efficiency of the motor will decrease by a uniform rate.I predict this because the heavier the weight, the more rotational kinetic energy will be required to turn the motors spindle to lift the weight. An increase in the amount of rotational kinetic energy being transferred must also result in:* An increase in friction affecting the motors moving parts, causing energy to be wasted in the forms of heat and sound.* An increase in the current drawn by the motor. This causes an increase in the resistance of the wires connecting the motor to the power supply, which in turn causes electrical energy to be wasted in the form of heat, lowering the amount of useful energy output, and therefore lowering the motors efficiency.Calculating EfficiencyIn order to find the motors efficiency each time we shall have to calculate several values. Firstly we need the raw data obtained from the experiment:* Weight Lifted (N): the weight the motor is lifting in Newtons.* Height (m): the height in meters that the load is lifted always 0.5m.* Volts (V): the voltage taken from the voltmeter in the circuit.* Amps (A): the number of amps read from the ammeter in the circuit.* Time (t): the time in seconds th at it takes the motor to lift its load 0.5m (50cm).We then need:* Average Electrical Energy (J): the average electrical energy supplied to the motor in Joules.* G.P.E. (= Movement energy) transferred (J): this is the useful energy output we get from the motor in Joules.Which allows us to calculate:* Efficiency (as a value between 0 and 1): the efficiency of the motor based on all the other values.On to a graph I can then plot:* Weight/Newtons LiftedAgainst* EfficiencyRESULTSTables of DataBelow is the data that I used to calculate the motors efficiency, set out in three tables of values, though the calculations used to convert the values are explained later. All of the numbers are given to two decimal places.Note: The calculations for these values will be explained later.Table #1: This table displays the three measurements of electrical energy taken each time the motor was run, and the weights it was required to lift.* = counted as an anomalous result not included when averaging dat aElectrical Energy (J)Weight (N)0.330.310.270.100.75*0.300.360.200.600.590.530.300.490.790.590.400.710.660.910.501.20*0.790.830.601.001.311.240.700.971.32*0.870.801.781.861.44*0.902.532.703.47*1.00Table #2: This table displays the average electrical energy supplied to the motor, the change in G.P.E. of the motor (the useful output) and the efficiency of the motor worked out from the other values.Average Electrical Energy (J)G.P.E.=Movement Energy (J)Efficiency0.300.050.170.480.100.210.570.150.260.620.200.320.760.250.330.810.300.371.180.350.300.920.400.431.820.450.252.620.500.19Table #3: This table displays the values to be plotted onto my results graph: Newtons lifted (weight of load) against efficiency.Newtons Lifted (N)Efficiency0.100.170.200.210.300.260.400.320.500.330.600.370.700.300.800.430.900.251.000.19ANALYSING AND CONCLUDINGBelow is a diagram of a running motor. An explanation of what is happening is given below.1. Electrical energy is supplied to the motor.a. Some of this electrical energy is transferred into the desired movement (rotational kinetic) energy in the motor this is useful energy.b. Some of the electrical energy is transferred into non-useful thermal (heat) and sound energy this is waste energy.2. The waste energy is lost to the surroundings.3. In this case the movement energy is now transferred into gravitational potential energy when the load is lifted.Energy has to be transferred from one form to another, e.g. a hairdryer turns electrical energy from a mains supply into movement energy (the fan), heat energy (to heat the air as it passes through) and sound energy (waste energy). You cannot create it or destroy it. Energy efficiency is how much of the energy you put into an appliance or machine is transferred into the useful energy that you are trying to get out. All machines in the real world have an efficiency that is less than 1 (or 100%). In the case of the motor above, part of the electrical energy put in is transferred into the useful movement energy, however, the machine also transfers its energy into two other waste forms: it creates a little heat and a little sound, caused by the force of friction on its moving parts, as in all machines. The greater the proportion of energy supplied to a device, that is usefully transferred, the more efficient the device.To calculate the efficiency of any device we need to use to the following formula:EFFICIENCY = USEFUL ENERGY TRANSFERRED BY DEVICETOTAL ENERGY SUPPLIED TO DEVICE So in the case of an appliance that coverts 200 joules of electrical energy per second into 150 joules/sec of waste heat energy, 20 joules/sec of useful light energy and 30 joules/sec useful sound energy EFFICIENCY = 50 ? 200 [? 100] = 25%We are trying to find out how the efficiency of a motor changes as we increase the mass it has to lift, so we need to remember that the efficiency of a motor is determined by how much of the electrical energy put in is transferred into useful energy output. Th e useful energy output is gravitational potential energy (GPE). Gravitational potential energy is the ENERGY STORED in an object because of the HEIGHT that the WEIGHT (due to the force of gravity on the object) of the object has been lifted against the force of gravity. If an object can fall, its got gravitational potential energy. The motor we used for our experiment was set up to lift a load 0.5 metres off the ground, in other words, the rotational kinetic energy of the motors spindle is transferred into movement energy (the same type really) as the load lifts, and by the time the weight has been lifted to its full height, all the movement energy will have been converted into gravitational potential energy, as the load can now fall. Because calculating efficiency requires that we know the useful energy output, we shall need a way of calculating the change in GPE of the load once it has been lifted (how far the weight has moved). To calculate the change in gravitational potential e nergy we use the following formula:CHANGE IN GRAVITATIONAL = WEIGHT (N) ? CHANGE IN VERTICAL HEIGHT (m)POTENTIAL ENERGY (J) So in the case of an object weighing 800N undergoing a change in height from 1000m to 3000m above ground, the GPE of the object can be worked out using the formula:CHANGE IN GRAV. POT. ENERGY = WEIGHT ? CHANGE IN VERTICAL HEIGHT= 800N ? (3000m 1000m)= 800N ? 2000m= 1600000JIn our experiment we calculated the GPE (useful energy output) like this:GPE = Weight of motors load in Newtons ? The height it was liftedThe height that the load was lifted remained the same throughout the whole experiment. The weight lifted was incremented by 0.1N to find how this affected the efficiency. The values for gravitational potential energy are displayed in Table #2 in the Tables of Data section, along with the averaged values for the total electrical energy supplied to the motor for each weight change.With these two values: Electrical Energy and Change in GPE, we have the necess ary data needed to calculate the efficiency of the motor. To calculate efficiency, we are required to use the formula:EFFICIENCY = USEFUL ENERGY TRANSFERRED BY DEVICETOTAL ENERGY SUPPLIED TO DEVICEWe can now substitute the two values needed to find the efficiency of our motor with our own data from the experiment, where GPE is the useful energy transferred and Average Electrical Energy is the total energy supplied:EFFICIENCY = GPE (J) ? Average Electrical Energy (J) Giving us the values shown in the column headed Efficiency in Table #2.Graph and Line of Best FitI have drawn a graph showing the results that I have collected. The correlation of the points made it possible to draw a line of best fit onto my graph. By looking at the graph it is possible to determine a clear trend, to find the optimum weight for the motors efficiency, and to spot any anomalous results.What I have found outBy looking at the graph you can see that the line of best fit shows a clear relationship between the weight of the load and the efficiency of the motor: at first, an increase in the weight of the load causes an increase in the motors efficiency. This is only true up until the weight reaches 0.6N, at which point the efficiency peaks, and the efficiency decreases as the weight continues to increase.I now know that the efficiency of a device does not remain constant, it is affected in some way by the work that it has to do.The gravitational potential energy is affected only by the change in mass (or the affects of a change in mass), as both the electrical energy supplied to the motor and the height the load had to be lifted were unaltered by us.In summary, I have found the efficiency of the motor increases whilst lifting relatively light weights, until the highest efficiency value is reached, at which point it begins to decrease.How close is this to my prediction?I predicted that the efficiency of the motor would decrease by a uniform rate as the weight of its load was increased. I p redicted this because I already knew that there must be a weight a motor is incapable of lifting, so its efficiency must be affected by the weight of its load. I also drew a sample of what I thought my line of best fit would look like. This turned out to be partially correct: the real line of best fit clearly shows the efficiency decreasing, but only after an initial increase before reaching 0.6N.My graph backs up these comments. As you can see, the weights tested that were higher than 0.6N produce a clear downwards trend, showing that the efficiency of the motor decreases as the weight of its load is increased.Explaining what I have found outThe first trend why does the efficiency increase?My results graph tells me that an increase in the weight of our motors load results in an increase in efficiency. In other words, the lighter the load, the lower the efficiency (up until 0.6N) why is this? I believe it is due to the fact that a light load does not produce enough tension in the string attaching it to the motor to prevent the string from slipping on the spindle. This would have made it appear on my graph that the motor itself was inefficient, when in fact it was due to the string gripping the spindle improperly. The string slipping was caused by a lack of friction between the string and spindle, resulting in less rotational kinetic energy in the spindle being converted into gravitational potential energy the efficiency of the motor appeared to be lower for lower weights, though in actual fact the energy output was altered by the string slipping, rather than by the efficiency of the motor. The reason for the initial rise in efficiency was that the greater the weight between string and spindle, the more friction, therefore the less slipping occurred, causing the gravitational potential energy (useful energy output) to be higher, regardless of the motors efficiency.The second trend why does the efficiency decrease?My line of best fit shows that increasing th e weight of the motors load beyond 0.6N causes a decrease in efficiency. There are several reasons explaining why an increase in weight causes efficiency to begin decreasing.FrictionFriction is a force that is created whenever two surfaces move or try to move against/across each other, i.e. the moving parts inside an electric motor. Friction always opposes the motion or attempted motion of one surface across another surface.1. Friction between the string and motor spindle: Our motor lifts its load by transferring the electrical energy supplied to it into rotational kinetic energy in the spindle. This winds the string causing the load to move, until all the movement energy has been transferred into gravitational potential energy. If we increase the weight of the load, there is increased tension in the string. This means that there is increased friction where the string is attached to the spindle, in other words, as the spindle turns, there will be more resistance between it and the s tring. The friction between these two surfaces results in heat and a little sound being produced. Because we know that energy can be changed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed, we know that the heat and sound energy produced as a result of friction between the string and spindle must therefore have been transferred from the electrical energy inputted. Both heat and sound energy are non-useful to us in this case, therefore the more electrical energy transferred into these waste forms, the greater the apparent reduction in the motors efficiency. It is important to note that it is friction between the spindle and the string, not the efficiency of the motor that is responsible for a decrease in useful energy output in this instance. Though the graph makes it appear that the motors efficiency is decreased, the actual rotational kinetic energy transferred is not affected by this friction (unlike point 2 below), since it is during the intermediate stage, when the e nergy in the spindle is transferred to the load, that the GPE (the useful energy output that we measured) is decreased.2. Friction affecting the moving parts inside our motor: The heavier the weight, the more movement energy the motors spindle will need to have in order to lift the weight. The motor is able to draw more current allowing it to transfer a greater amount of rotational kinetic energy. An increase in the amount of rotational kinetic energy being transferred to the spindle (it has more spin) must also result in an increase in friction affecting the motors moving parts. This friction creates heat and a little sound, which can only have come from the electrical energy supplied to the motor, meaning that energy is wasted, lowering the motors efficiency. Essentially, increasing the weight of the load causes an increase in friction therefore decreasing the efficiency. This explains the decreasing trend we see on my results graph.ResistanceComponents resist the flow of current through them. They have resistance. Electric current is the movement of electrons through a conductor. Metals (e.g. wires) conduct electricity because the atoms do not hold on to their electrons well FREE ELECTRONS are present. The number of mobile electrons that are in a length of wire will produce a certain amount of resistance. This is because when current is passed through the metal the electrons of the particles are given energy allowing them to move. As they travel through the wire, they come in to contact with impurities and other particles, which they bump into. This collision releases some of the electrical energy as heat energy, which is lost to the surroundings. The greater the current, the more electrons flow. The more electrons flow, the more collisions occur, causing a greater amount of the electrical energy to be wasted as heat.In the case of our motor:* When we increase the weight of its load, we increase the amount of work the motor must do, or how much rotational k inetic energy must be transferred.* The motor is able to draw more current to allow it to do more work.* An increase in the current flowing through the motors wires* Causes an increase in waste heat energy* Which can only have come from the electrical energy supplied to the motor in the first place, therefore lowering the efficiency.Vibrating motorWhen motors work hard they have a tendency to vibrate or shake slightly. I believe this is due to conflicting forces inside the motor. When we increased the weight our motor had to lift, we caused these forces to become stronger, therefore the motor would have vibrated or shook more violently. This kinetic energy has to come from somewhere we know it must have been transferred from some other form, as energy cannot just be created It must have come from the electrical energy inputted. I now know that the motor vibrating contributed lowering the efficiency of our motor because an increase in the weight of its load causes more energy to b e transferred resulting in greater conflicting forces, making the motor vibrate, or lose energy as non-useful (waste) kinetic, decreasing the efficiency of the motor.0.6N why does it peak here?My line of best fit peaks at 0.6N, showing this to be the optimum weight for maximum efficiency for this particular motor. This must be the point at which the efficiency stops increasing, and begins to decrease. In other words, the amount of non-useful waste energy stops decreasing, and begins to increase instead. So why does the first trend cease? I believe that a load weighing 0.6N must have produced enough tension in the string, and therefore enough friction to grip the spindle of the motor effectively, allowing the motor to appear at its most efficient. Weights exceeding 0.6N however, caused increased friction affecting all of the motors moving parts, producing two waste forms of energy: heat and a little sound, enough to start lowering the motors efficiency. A large enough increase in re sistance and vibration of the motor were also factors that contributed to a decrease in efficiency.EvaluatingAnomalous ResultsIn my results table containing raw data from our experiment (table #1) I have marked any results that I considered to be anomalous with an asterix (*). These anomalous results were not averaged along with the others.On my graph I have circled what I consider to be a single anomalous result.I consider these results to be reliable because they do not fit in with the rest. Values marked with an * are not the values you would expect to come alongside the other two results from that particular weight tested. For example, take the three original values for electrical energy supplied to the motor when lifting 0.20 Newtons:0.75*0.300.36You can clearly see that 0.75 does not match with the other two results, nor does it fit in with what you might expect it to be, considering the results for other weights it is not part of the trend. It has therefore been marked as an omalous and not including when averaging.Are my results reliable?Indications of a reliable experiment are:1. Results that, when plotted on a graph, form a very clear trend. That is, a line of best fit can easily be determined, and many points fall on it.2. Results that, when plotted on a graph, do not present [many] anomalous results results that do not obey the general trend, which must be discarded/ignored when drawing a line of best fit.3. Results which, when an experiment is repeated, are close together for repeats. E.g. 0.32, 0.33, and 0.34 would be considered reliable in our experiment, as these could be averaged confidently.Bearing these points in mind, it is possible to judge the reliability of my results.When I plotted my final results onto a graph, I had to draw a line of best fit a line that best took account of the trend of all the valid results plotted. My line of best fit was difficult, but by no means impossible to draw. The points did demonstrate a trend, which cou ld easily be determined, but it was not possible to know exactly where to draw the line. The points are far too loosely arranged, and there are to few of them, to provide a strong enough trend to indicate an unarguable line of best fit. An unquestionably reliable set of results could look like this:However, my points merely suggested the shape of a line of best fit. Also, the sketch above shows many points falling directly on the line of best fit. My line of best fit has no points exactly on it, which shows how difficult it was to draw I was required to guess how the line would pass through the gap between two points, etc.The number of anomalous results in the data and on the graph can also show how reliable the results are. My original data for electrical energy in Table #1 contains quite a few anomalous outcomes, indicating that the results of my experiment are dubious. Things that are reliable tend to happen the same way time and time again, so a completely reliable experiment w ould produce very similar results for any repeats. Although my results contain several severely anomalous results, there not a great cause for concern, as the repeats that are not anomalous definitely have relationship to each other. They are close enough to be averaged reliably when the anomalous results have been omitted.As for anomalous results on the graph, there is only one clearly anomalous outcome in my opinion, which is the efficiency for the load weighing 0.8N. If all the results were this scattered, the results would be completely unreliable, but it is easy to recognise as anomalous, and the rest of the points still provide a strong enough pattern as to imply a trend and line of best fit.In summary, my results are quite unreliable, but are still useful and form a good trend. The graph agreed in part with my prediction, and can be explained using science. This shows that the results were fairly accurate and reliable, and although results were present that were obviously inc orrect, they were easy to spot and eliminate. However, the points on my graph were quite scattered and loose showing that my results could have been more accurate.Do I have enough evidence to support a conclusion?In my conclusion I tried to explain the results that I obtained. I believe that I do have enough evidence to support my conclusion, though I would have preferred much more data, and if possible collected in a more accurate way, as this would have made my conclusion far easier to back up the more evidence I have the more sure I can be about the statements I have made, and the larger the amount of data I have to draw upon and use to suggest a trend. This would have made the experiment more worthwhile, and the results far more reliable.I know I have enough results because it was possible to draw a line of best fit, and guess at how the trend would have continued. However, a good example of how I would have liked more evidence is at the very top of my line of best fit, where I have suggested the optimum weight for maximum efficiency of the motor to be. With our current set of results, we can not really be sure where the layout of further points would be around that area, and exactly how the line of best fit should be shaped. For instance, the optimum temperature could have been at a slightly different point, because I was unable to tell exactly when the line of best fit should begin to slope downwards when I drew it.Using science it is also possible for me to suggest what further results would be without doing further experiments. For example, I can predict how the line of best fit would be shaped for lighter weights.How well did I carry out the investigation? -Problems we had that affected the resultsDuring the course of the experiment, we encountered several problems that may well have affected my results.1. The ammeter and voltmeter readings: The ammeter and voltmeter readings were both taken at a given time whilst the motors load was being lifted. Th e displays were fluctuating, showing the readings to be inaccurate. Also, the two people taking the readings found it difficult to judge an accurate value, because of the changeability of the readings.2. Timing for lighter loads: Whilst testing lighter weights, the load was lifted too fast for an accurate measurement of time to be taken, using a simple stopwatch. Therefore the timing would have been inaccurate for some of the lighter weights tested.How fair was our test?I think that our experiment was very close to being as fair as possible, considering the time and equipment possible, because we considered all the things that might have made the results unreliable, even if we could not control them. We made sure to keep all of the runs the same by conducting them under exactly the same conditions, so we can be relatively confident about the accuracy of our results. However, the results are definitely unreliable, though this is mostly due factors beyond our control which shall be lo oked at later. Below are the ways in which we attempted to keep our experiment a fair test, thus increasing the accuracy and usefulness of our results.What we did to make it a fair:Using the same people to take time the experiment and say Now: We made sure to only the same two people for the following two jobs:1. Starting and stopping the stopwatch at the beginning and end of each run so that the time taken for the load to be lifted could be measured.2. Saying Now to indicate to the two other people reading the ammeter and voltmeter when the values should be taken.We made sure not to swap these people around because maintaining the accuracy of our results relied upon both the reaction time and hand-to-eye coordination of these two people. Changing them around would have meant using people with different reaction times, so the test would have been unfair.Conducting the experiment on just one occasion and not repeating on a different day: The whole experiment was conducted on a single occasion. We did not allow the experiment to take place over several days, because the equipment we would have used would have been different, causing unfairness in the results. For example, we almost certainly have used a different motor, which, although it might look similar, would have been slightly different than the first, as they are not precision made. The efficiency for this motor would have different and therefore the data as a whole would have been unreliable.When we first looked at our results graphs, a clearly anomalous result was apparent (this point has been ringed on my graph). Although it was tempting to go back to the experiment, set everything up as close as possible to before and test that weight again, we did not do this. If we had, different equipment would have made our results inaccurate. The resistance of the wires used and of the motor would have been different, as length and amount of rust or damage can alter this. Also, we had no guarantee of using the sa me motor again, which is vital when testing efficiency.Calculating averages and omitting anomalous results: When carrying out the experiment, we made sure to test each weight of load three times, recording the electrical energy input for each repeat. The experiment threw up several anomalous results that can be seen in the raw data. When we calculated an average electrical energy value for every three repeats we omitted any anomalous results. These were results that were unexpected, and gave clear signs that something went wrong during that run, e.g. a hiccup in the motors efficiency, or a misread ammeter value. By omitting these results, I was able to give a fairer set of results, consequently increasing the reliability and ease with which my results could be analysed.Keeping the height from which the load started from the same each time: To keep the amount of electrical energy needing it be transferred into gravitational potential energy the same for every lift, we made sure that the motors load was place at exactly ground level, with the string taut every time the experiment was run. If the load was above ground level, it would have taken less energy to be transferred to lift it 0.5m, giving an unfair picture of the efficiency. We made sure that the sting was taut each time, because if it had been slack, the motor spindle would have had to complete more rotations in order to wind the string and lift the weight.What may have caused anomalous results?When we conducted the experiment everything went relatively well and according to plan. We did everything we could to keep it a fair test and tried to control all the factors that might have made the results inaccurate. However, there were many things that could have caused inaccuracy that were beyond our control, some of which were:1. Reaction time/human error: The accuracy of the results relied heavily on the consistency of the timings, carried out by someone stopping and starting a stopwatch when the power was turned on and when the load had been lifted 0.5m. However, it is impossible to time an experiment completely accurately using such basic equipment, and without letting human error affect the results. Slight (but nonetheless important) imprecisions will have occurred when timing how long it took the motor to lift its load, causing the results to be inaccurate and unreliable.2. The way in which the string wrapped around the spindle: The string could be seen winding round the motors spindle in different ways. This would have affected the amount of friction between string and spindle, which could have both lowered the efficiency or increased it.3. Motor efficiency being altered of its own accord: The motor itself may have caused anomalous results. Sometimes it seemed to run very slow, at other times very fast, regardless of what weight it was lifting. This could have been due to the motor drawing too much current, or internal parts functioning irregularly or not as they should.4. Ammet er and voltmeter readings: The ammeter and voltmeter readings were fluctuating, so it is doubtful if they are accurate. This could also mean that the motor alters the amount of current it draws as it lifts its load. This means that a reading taken at one given point will not give an exactly fair representation of the electrical energy being inputted. In an attempt to combat this problem, we read the ammeter and voltmeter when the load had been lifted exactly half way. This however, could have caused the results to be inaccurate for a different reason, as it relied upon someone saying Now when the load had been lifted 0.25m off the ground. This means the results will have been affected by human error and reaction time how soon after