Education Should be privatized as it is a privilege not a right Essay

Instruction Should be privatized as it is a benefit not a right - Essay Example Right off the bat, non-public schools offer quality and great training that meets the students’ needs in the general public. In contrast to state funded schools, tuition based schools have built up an individual way to deal with learning. Through this methodology, students have numerous advantages in connecting training requests and the activity showcase aptitudes. Meryzn and Ursprung (2005) note that the United States state funded schools have been a case of the financial matters of instruction on account of low quality that don't coordinate the monetary distribution by the legislature. The nature of training can be found in three methodologies. One is quality, this is instruction that is a customized, affordable and capable guarantees the necessities of understudies. It is training framework that can bode well in goals and the cultural requests. So as to accomplish these great objectives of training, a few researchers have said that privatization of instruction is a decent advance that will make great reason for instruction. Earthy colored (2013) Education ought not be viewed as a right, today there are numerous incredible business people and known athletes who have made a monstrous commitment to the economy without fundamentally going to schools (Davidsona 2010). As indicated by National Center for Education Statistics Report 2010 it distinguished numerous stidents in government funded schools as a major issue for the nature of training (Espiona and Gonzalez 2013). The report said that, tuition based schools have half of the state funded school populace. Schools and classes are littler in the private organization prompting individual instructing that contacts the study hall exercises. The educator understudy proportion is increasingly ideal, for the most part they have a quantities of 1:9 that permits monetary estimation of the guardians cash. Numerous open both essential and auxiliary schools have a proportion of 1:19, which means there is an intense lack, and the nature of instruction is very low (Brown 2013). Government funded schools keep on having a major number of understudies that don't learn because of the large numbers when contrasted with the instructors. These

Blackbeard the Pirate Biography for Kids

Blackbeard the Pirate Biography for Kids Children are frequently inspired by privateers and need to know the historical backdrop of individuals, for example, Blackbeard. They may not be prepared for the grown-up form of theâ biography of Blackbeardâ but can have their inquiries replied in this rendition for youthful perusers. Who was Blackbeard? Blackbeard was a fearsome privateer who assaulted different people groups dispatches quite a while back, in the years 1717â€1718. He delighted in looking unnerving, making his long dark hair and facial hair smoke while he was battling. He passed on while battling ships sent to get him and take him to prison. Here are the responses to all your Blackbeard questions. Was Blackbeard his genuine name? His genuine name was Edward Thatch or Edward Teach. Privateers took epithets to conceal their genuine names. He was called Blackbeard in light of his long, dark facial hair. For what reason would he say he was a privateer? Blackbeard was a privateer since it was an approach to make a fortune. Life adrift was hard and unsafe for mariners in naval force or on dealer ships. It was enticing to take what you realized serving on those boats and join a privateer group where you would gain a portion of the fortune. At various occasions, a legislature would urge ships chiefs to be privateers and assault ships from different nations, however not theirs. These privateers may then start to go after any boats and become privateers. What did privateers do? Privateers cruised where they figured different boats would be. When they found another boat, they would raise their privateer banner and assault. As a rule, different ships just surrendered once they saw the banner to keep away from a battle and wounds. The privateers would then take everything the boat was conveying. What kind of stuff did privateers take? Privateers took whatever they could utilize or sell. On the off chance that a boat had guns or other great weapons, the privateers would take them. They took food and liquor. On the off chance that there was any gold or silver, they would take it. The boats they ransacked were normally shippers ships conveying load, for example, cocoa, tobacco, dairy animals stows away or material. On the off chance that the privateers figured they could sell the freight, they took it. Did Blackbeard abandon any lost fortune? Heaps of individuals think along these lines, yet most likely not. Privateers wanted to spend their gold and silver and not cover it some place. Likewise, the greater part of the fortune he took was load instead of coins and gems. He would sell the load and go through the cash. Who were some of Blackbeards companions? Blackbeard figured out how to be a privateer from Benjamin Hornigold, who provided him order of one of his privateer ships. Blackbeard helped Major Stede Bonnet, who didnt truly think a lot about being a privateer. Another companion was Charles Vane, who got a few opportunities to quit being a privateer yet he never took them. For what reason was Blackbeard so well known? Blackbeard was well known on the grounds that he was a frightening privateer. At the point when he realized he was going to assault someone’s transport, he put smoking wires in his long dark hair and facial hair. He additionally wore guns lashed to his body. A few mariners who saw him in fight really thought he was the fallen angel. Expression of him spread and individuals on both land and ocean were frightened of him. Did Blackbeard have a family? As indicated by Captain Charles Johnson, who inhabited a similar time as Blackbeard, he had 14 spouses. This presumably isn’t valid, yet it appears to be likely that Blackbeard got hitched at some point in 1718 in North Carolina. There is no record of him ever having any children. Did Blackbeard have a privateer banner and a privateer transport? Blackbeards privateer banner was dark with a white villain skeleton on it. The skeleton was holding a lance pointing at a red heart. He likewise had a celebrated boat called the Queen Annes Revenge. This forceful boat had 40 guns on it, making it one of the most perilous privateer sends ever. Did they ever get Blackbeard? Neighborhood pioneers frequently offered a compensation for the catch of celebrated privateers. Numerous men attempted to get Blackbeard, yet he was unreasonably shrewd for them and gotten away from catch commonly. To get him to stop, he was offered an exoneration and he acknowledged it. In any case, he came back to robbery How did Blackbeard bite the dust? At last, on November 22, 1718, privateer trackers found him close Ocracoke Island, off of North Carolina. Blackbeard and his men set up a significant battle, however at long last, they were totally slaughtered or captured. Blackbeard passed on in fight and his head was cut off so the privateer trackers could demonstrate they executed him. As indicated by an old story, his headless body swam around his boat multiple times. This was impractical yet added to his fearsome notoriety. Sources: Cordingly, David. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 1996 Defoe, Daniel (Captain Charles Johnson). A General History of the Pyrates. Altered by Manuel Schonhorn. Mineola: Dover Publications, 1972/1999. Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: the Lyons Press, 2009 Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Sailor Books, 2008.

History and Topics in the Field of Positive Psychology

History and Topics in the Field of Positive Psychology Theories Print The Field of Positive Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 16, 2020 Peathegee Inc / Getty Images More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Important People What It Is (and Isn't) Major Topics Research Findings Applications View All Back To Top Positive psychology is one of the newest branches of psychology to emerge. This particular area of psychology focuses on how to help human beings prosper and lead healthy, happy lives. While many other branches of psychology tend to focus on dysfunction and abnormal behavior, positive psychology is centered on helping people become happier. Martin Seligman and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi describe positive psychology in the following way: We believe that a psychology of positive human functioning will arise that achieves a scientific understanding and effective interventions to build thriving in individuals, families, and communities.?? Over the last twenty years or so, general interest in positive psychology has grown tremendously. Today, more and more people are searching for information on how they can become more fulfilled and achieve their full potential. Interest in the topic has also increased on college campuses. In 2006, Harvards course on positive psychology became the universitys most popular class. In order to understand the field of positive psychology, it is essential to start by learning more about its history, major theories and applications. History Before World War II, psychology had three distinct missions: curing mental illness, making the lives of all people more productive and fulfilling, and identifying and nurturing high talent, wrote Seligman and Csikszenmihalyi in 2000.?? Shortly after WWII, the primary focus of psychology shifted to the first priority: treating abnormal behavior and mental illness. During the 1950s, humanist thinkers such as Carl Rogers, Erich Fromm, and Abraham Maslow helped renew interest in the other two areas by developing theories that focused on happiness and the positive aspects of human nature. In 1998, Seligman was elected President of the American Psychological Association and positive psychology became the theme of his term. Today, Seligman is widely viewed as the father of contemporary positive psychology. In 2002, the first International Conference on Positive Psychology was held. In 2009, the first World Congress on Positive Psychology took place in Philadelphia and featured talks by Martin Seligman and Philip Zimbardo. Important People in the Field Martin SeligmanMihaly CsikszentmihalyiChristopher PetersonCarol DweckDaniel GilbertKennon SheldonAlbert BanduraC.R. SnyderPhilip Zimbardo What It Is (and Isnt) In a 2008 article published by Psychology Today, the late Christopher Peterson, author of A Primer in Positive Psychology and professor at the University of Michigan, noted that it is essential to understand what positive psychology is as well as what it is not. Positive psychology is...a call for psychological science and practice to be as concerned with strength as with weakness; as interested in building the best things in life as in repairing the worst; and as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling as with healing pathology, he writes.?? He cautioned, however, that positive psychology does not involve ignoring the very real problems that people face and that other areas of psychology strive to treat. The value of positive psychology is to complement and extend the problem-focused psychology that has been dominant for many decades, he explained.?? Major Topics Some of the major topics of interest in positive psychology include: Happiness??Optimism and helplessnessMindfulnessFlowCharacter strengths and virtuesHope??Positive thinkingResilience Research Findings Some of the major findings of positive psychology include: People are generally happy.Money doesnt necessarily buy well-being, but spending money on other people can make individuals happier.??Some of the best ways to combat disappointments and setbacks include strong social relationships and character strengths.Work can be important to well-being, especially when people are able to engage in work that is purposeful and meaningful.While happiness is influenced by genetics, people can learn to be happier by developing optimism, gratitude, and altruism.?? Applications Positive psychology can have a range of real-world applications in areas including education, therapy, self-help, stress management, and workplace issues.?? Using strategies from positive psychology, teachers, coaches, therapists, and employers can motivate others and help individuals understand and develop their personal strengths. The Differences Between Positive Psychology and Positive Thinking

What Is Black Power

The term â€Å"Black Power† refers to both a political slogan popularized between the 1960s and the 1980s, as well as the various ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for black people. It was popularized within the United States, but the slogan, along with components of the Black Power Movement, has traveled abroad. Origins After the shooting of James Meredith in the March Against Fear, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (influential within the Civil Rights Movement) held a speech on June 16, 1966. In it, Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael) declared: This is the 27th time I have been arrested and I aint going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin now is Black Power! This was the first time Black Power had been used as a political slogan. Although the phrase is thought to have originated in Richard Wright’s 1954 book, â€Å"Black Power,† it was in Ture’s speech that â€Å"Black Power† emerged as a battle cry, an alternative to more tempered slogans like â€Å"Freedom Now!† employed by nonviolent groups like Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference. By 1966, many black people believed that the Civil Rights Movement’s focus on desegregation failed to examine how America had weakened and humiliated black people for generations  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  economically, socially, and culturally. Young black people, in particular, had become tired of the Civil Rights Movement’s slow pace. â€Å"Black Power† became symbolic of the new wave of the black freedom struggle that broke from earlier tactics focused on the church and King’s â€Å"beloved community.† Black Power Movement Malcolm X Bring about the freedom of these people by any means necessary. Thats our motto. We want freedom by any means necessary. We want justice by any means necessary. We want equality by any means necessary. The Black Power Movement began in the 1960s and continued throughout the 1980s. While the movement had multiple tactics, from non-violence to proactive defense, its purpose was to bring the ideological developments of Black Power to life. Activists focused on two main tenets: black autonomy and self-determination. The movement began in America, but the simplicity and universality of its slogan allowed it to be applied globally, from Somalia to Great Britain. The cornerstone of the Black Power Movement was the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. Founded in October of 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, the Black Panther Party was a revolutionary socialist organization. The Panthers were known for their Ten-Point Platform, the development of free breakfast programs (which were later taken by the government for the development of WIC), and their insistence on building black people’s ability to defend themselves. The party was heavily targeted by the FBI surveillance program COINTELPro, which led to the death or imprisonment of many black activists. While the Black Panther Party started with black men as heads of the movement and continued to struggle with misogynoir (misogyny directed at black women) throughout its existence, the women in the party were influential and made their voices heard on many issues. Notable activists in the Black Power Movement included Elaine Brown (the first Chairwoman of the Black Panther Party), Angela Davis (leader of the Communist Party USA), and Assata Shakur (a member of the Black Liberation Army). All three of these women were targeted by the United States government for their activism. While the Black Power Movement saw a decline in the late 1970s, due to the relentless persecution of those involved (such as Freddy Hampton), it has had a lasting impact on black American arts and culture. Black Power Definition in Arts and Culture Kwame Ture We have to stop being ashamed of being black. A broad nose, thick lip and nappy hair is us and we are going to call that beautiful whether they like it or not. Black Power was more than just a political slogan  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  it introduced a change in overall black culture. The â€Å"Black is Beautiful† movement replaced traditional black styles like suits and permed hair with new, unapologetically black styles, like full afros and the development of soul. The Black Arts Movement, founded in part by Amiri Baraka, promoted the autonomy of black people by urging them to create their own journals, magazines, and other written publications. Many women writers, such as Nikki Giovanni and Audre Lorde, contributed to the Black Arts Movement by exploring themes of black womanhood, love, urban struggle,  and sexuality in their work. The effects of Black Power as a political slogan, movement, and form of cultural expression lives on in the current Movement for Black Lives. Many of today’s black activists draw on the works and theories of Black Power activists, such as the Black Panther’s Ten-Point Platform to organize around ending police brutality. Sources Black Power Speech. Dictionary of American History, The Gale Group Inc., 2003.Gist, Brenda Lovelace. Eloquently Speaking. Xlibris, December 7, 2010.History.com Editors. Civil rights activist James Meredith shot. History, AE Television Networks, LLC, July 27, 2019.Walker, Samuel. Black Power! A Slogan is Born. Today in Civil Liberties History, Samuel Walker, 2014.

Teams Are Essential To Success In Both Business And Many

Teams are essential to success in both business and many varied aspects of our personal and professional life. Proper team development is critical to ensuring that high performance teams, and understanding the process surrounding team development is critical for managers and leaders. In this essay, I will discuss the team development process by examining the five stages of team development, and provide personal examples of each of the stages with advantages and disadvantages in my personal experiences in a team environment while serving as part of an organizational re-design team. Teams are defined as small groups of individuals with particular skills that work together to achieve identified goals (Schermerhorn Bachrach, 2015).†¦show more content†¦The team members asked to participate made logical sense as their divisions were critical to organizational change, and would be directly impacted by the team recommendation. In the same initial meeting, however, a disadvantag e was individuals who were not critical to the project came to the meeting and attempted to join the team without invitation. This resulted in those individuals being thanked for their interest, but being told that their participation was not required or desired for the team. The catalyst for this action was the elimination of non-essential team members and the imminent distraction their interests would impose on the team. This action during the forming stage ensured that the team was built of the essential members necessary to participate on the team, while ensuring the team was structured to focus only on the directed goals and objectives of the team. As a leader, I would ensure that team member recruiting and sourcing is deliberate, and that team member guidance is specific on who is being sourced to join the team. The second stage of the team development process is the storming phase. During the storming phase, personal or organizational interests, agendas, and personalitie s are introduced into the team (Schermerhorn Bachrach, 2015). During this phase, tension, hostility, anger, and infighting among theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Project Management1464 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement is an essential part of the work environment and its purpose within business, academic backgrounds and research are crucial to the development of solutions and products that enable a company to be successful. The idea of project management is quite simple; a group of people are detached from the company and given a goal to focus their efforts on. The size of the group is entirely dependant on the size of the company. When looking to put together a project management team, there are twoRead MoreThe Issue Of Managing Organizational Change1335 Words   |  6 Pagesoperational strategies and structures reflect business realities based on previous researches. 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In order to be successful in marketing there are many different perspectives; however, in the interviewRead MoreCapital Budget Analysis : A Company, Team A Oil On The Right Track When Entering Into Spain1226 Words   |  5 PagesAs a company , Team A Oil is finding ways to enter into Spain with both success and confidence. Starting a new company in another country is both challenging as well as exciting. As a company there are so many factors that are important to the success of the business. One of the main factor that have to be taken into consideration is capital budget analysis. Understanding the concept and how it works for the company is crucial to the business. There are a few areas within capital budget analysis that

Causes of the Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire Free Essays

The fall of the Roman Empire was inevitable by A. D. 476. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of the Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire or any similar topic only for you Order Now Christianity had weakened the bonds that had held it together, the people became corrupt, and it got too big. It was also because of the barbarian attacks. All empires eventually fall and Rome’s time had come to an end. When discussing the causes of the fall of the Roman Empire one has to see that this occurred over many years and had many different facets. Each issue has to be addressed independently with the understanding that they simultaneously combined to the dissension within the Empire and the falling of the borders that had been established during its height. By the end of the second century AD, the empire encompassed most of the Mediterranean, including Spain, France, most of Britain, Yugoslavia, Greece, Turkey, the Middle East, Egypt, and Northern Africa. The collapse of the Roman Empire was a calamity; it leads to the Dark (Middle) Ages. Seeing all the bad that came of it, the destruction of art, the collapse of great cities, the deterioration of the system of roads, the ruin of the Mediterranean trade, and the loss of European unity–it’s difficult to imagine any good came of it. But some good did result. The break up of the empire led to the abolition of slavery in Europe. Of course, this, in turn, led to more poverty and the increase of latifundia because the poor people lost their land to the aristocrats. But the slaves were better off as peasants than as slaves. Christianity was a major cause of the fall of Rome. Although Rome had religious tolerance, Romans, especially Jews, didn’t accept Christianity. A lot of people converted to Christianity because they lost faith in the Romans. At first most Christians were Jews but less strict. Many values were different but they still followed Jewish dietary laws and shared many beliefs with the Jews. The early Christians also got circumcised. Even Jesus got circumcised because he was born a Jew. Then he thought he was God’s messenger but many other people during that time also thought that so most people started off not believing him. The Christians started adopting the values that they have today during the time that Saul/Paul was alive. At first he started off as a Jew who hated Jesus and hated the Christians but then he converted and traveled around spreading the thoughts of Christians but he said that Christians didn’t need to follow the Jewish dietary laws and they didn’t need to get circumcised. The Romans and the Jews didn’t like the message that Jesus was spreading so they crucified him. One impact that Jesus had was that more people didn’t want to join the military and they didn’t want to participate in the community. Since the people stopped participating in government and they didn’t join the army, the Roman army composed of the Barbarians from Germany. These Barbarians lead disorganized attacks and even attacked other Roman Barbarian groups. Because of these sloppy attacks, Rome’s army fell and it was no longer the military superpower it was before. Also, many of the lands that Rome had conquered wanted independence and broke free of the Roman Empire. Herbert J. Muller argues in his book Uses of the Past that Rome got rich by conquering new lands and because of trade with new markets and when the Barbarian attacks went unsuccessful they got no more land therefore losing their source of wealth. Edward Gibbon argues the opposite in his book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He says that the Roman Empire fell because it was too widespread. He says that there was too much land for the government to govern and because of that the government lost money. By the end of the Roman Empire it was widespread and had many land. By conquering these lands they got many slaves from war and from these new lands. The abundance of slaves lead to the growth of latifundia, large estates owned by the rich. These slaves were willing to work hard for little pay so the rich got richer and the poor grew poorer. The poor coloni [farmers] lost their lands and the aristocrats bought them out. Then the poor farmers went to the city and became dependent on handouts from the government such as free grain. There were many causes for the fall of the Roman Empire. Some causes were the rise of Christianity, the fall of the army, the abundance of slaves and the size of the empire. Because of all these reasons and many more Rome couldn’t survive which lead to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Eastern Roman empire survived and became the Byzantine Empire. Rome’s fall lead to the Dark Ages but Rome has an impact in our everyday culture because they influenced the Greeks of whose culture we have copied in order to build our own culture. How to cite Causes of the Decline and Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Papers

The idea of investigating Essay Example

The idea of investigating Essay The idea of investigating how the human mind perceives colored words is one of those aspects of life that most of us take for granted. In 1935, J. Ridley Stroop performed a series of experiments to examine this phenomenon. In his article, Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions Stroop explained that conflicting color and word stimuli resulted in a phenomenon he described as interference. Because Stroops experiments only demonstrated this effect when participants were asked to name the color of a word with a conflicting meaning stimulus, he determined that the interference was a result of automatic retrieval in reading. My experiment will attempt to replicate the second experiment that Stroop performed during his original study. The aim of this experiment is to determine if automatic retrieval in reading interferes with a participants ability to identify the color of the word displayed. My experiment followed the repeated measures design. I used one group of participants and testeed them in both the experimental and the control condition. Through this method the confounding variable of participant variability was avoided. As the same group experienced the experimental and control variable, any differences must have been a result of the variables and not differences in the participants themselves. A possible disadvantage to the repeated measures design is the order effect, differences exhibited by participants could be due to the order that the experimental and control conditions are presented. To counterbalance the order effect I separated participants into two randomly selected groups, Group A experienced the control variable first and the experimental variable second, while the Group B was exposed to the experimental design first and the control variable second. It was essential to randomly allocate the participants into their groups to maintain the integrity of t he experiment. I flipped a coin to determine if the participant would be in Group A or Group B. We will write a custom essay sample on The idea of investigating specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The idea of investigating specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The idea of investigating specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The independent variable in this design was the presence of a conflicting color name in the stimulus. The measured dependent variable was the amount of time it took to identify the color of the stimulus. The control condition provided the participants with twenty blocks of color to verbally identify; their response time was measured in seconds and hundredths of seconds. The experimental condition provided the participants with twenty words with conflicting color names and word colors, for example, the word white written in green ink. The participants response time was measured in seconds and hundredths of seconds. Participants response times were recorded under numbers rather than names, in this manner the privacy and confidentiality of the participant was protected. All individuals who wished to participate in the study were required to sign an informed conset form. In order to maintain the single blind aspect of the study the participants were be informed of the true purpose of the experiment before participation, however all participants were debriefed after their participation. Additionally, the participants received a copy of the results of the experiments. The experiment does not involve any physical discomfort, and very minimal mental stress. PARTICIPANTS The participants in the experiment came from the student body of Upper St. Clair High School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The school is located in a suburban community, and a majority of the population are upper-middle class Caucasian individuals. Hence the results can not be generalized across any demographic group except the one represented by the students. The results of the study were influenced by volunteer bias. Additionally, only the population who were free, at the time the experiment was conducted, were able to participate. Also, all the participants were required to be over the age of sixteen, thus eliminating half of the student population of the high school. Finally, since the test relied upon color recognition those individual with color blindness were unable to participate. Eventually, fifteen individuals participated in the study. Twelve of those fifteen were female. Although there was an unequal gender distribution in the sample group, the experiment does not investig ate gender issues. Additionally, since the participants were all high school students, their ages ranged from sixteen to eighteen. MATERIALS The experiment required * SHEET A -( 20 colored blocks) ~ Appendix Page 1 * SHEET B (20 colored words) ~ Appendix Page 2 * Key (Correct Answers to both Sheet A and B) ~ Appendix Page 3 * Standardized Instructions ~ Appendix Page 4 * Sample Sheet ~ Appendix Page 5 * Informed Conset Statement ~ Appendix Page 6 * Standard Debriefing Statement ~ Appendix Page 7 * An accurate digital timer PROCEDURES I felt that it was essential for me to understand the experiment which I was replicating. Obtaining the original article which Stroop published in Journal of Experimental Psychology was invaluable. In order to create my own materials, I relied upon the experimental methodology literature provided in my texts as well as my background research. Essentially, I created methods analogous to those used by Stroop in the second of his three experiments. In order to garner volunteers for my experiment, we placed an invitation the morning announcements. Additionally, my psychology teacher requested students in her other classes to participate in the experiment. I conducted the experiment upon an individual basis. I requested that all participants remain outside the room and called in each participant one at a time. Before they entered the room, I flipped a coin to determine if they were to be in Group A or Group B. Upon entering, I asked them to take a seat, read the informed consent statement, and sign it if they agreed to all the conditions. Then I read the introductory portion of my standardized instructions. I then gave the participant either Sheet A or B, depending on which group they were in. As the participant verbally identified the color of the stimulus, I visually checked their answers with a previously prepared key. I then read the second portion of the instructions to them, and handed them the other sheet. Again, as the participant verbally identified the color of the stimulus, I visually checked their answers with a previously prepared key. Finally, I debriefed the participants with the standard debriefing statement.